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| Comes from a Greek word for "writing about" or "describing" the Earth. Study of our physical and cultural surroundings. |
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| Run east to west: Parallels |
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| Run north to south: Meridians |
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| Tool for finding directions. Four main points: N, E, W, S |
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| Area that is defined by certain similar characteristics |
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| Examples include the Mississippi river and the Great Plains |
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| United States National Capital |
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| 13 Major Lakes of the World |
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Definition
North America: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.
South America: Maracaibo, Titicaca
Europe / Asia: Aral Sea, Baikal, Caspian Sea
Africa: Chad, Victoria, Tanganikya |
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Definition
| Resources for food, shelter, and clothing |
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| How Are Humans Affected By Lakes? |
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Definition
| Meet basic needs and for economic activities between regions: Farming, irrigation, hunting, mining, drilling, etc. |
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Term
| How Does Lake Superior Affect the Climate Around It? |
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Definition
| Wild storms in winter; Acting as a giant heat sink, moderates temperatures around it; Humidifies air, too, adds moisture for "lake effect" snow and "snow belts" |
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| How Do Humans Use Lake Superior? |
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Definition
| Fishing, shipping, recreation, and drinking water. |
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| How Do Ships Handle Changes in Elevation? |
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| Part of a canal that has gates for lowering and raising water levels, by adding or removing water so that it matches the water level in the next lock. |
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| Extensive system of locks and canals connecting Lake Superior to the ocean |
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| Economic Benefits of the SL Seaway |
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Definition
| Cargo vessels carry more than trains or trucks, and are more efficient. |
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| Recreational Benefits of SL Seaway |
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Definition
| Fishing, boating, and sailing, permitting ocean-going vessels to go all the way to Lake Superior. |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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Definition
| Supported the design of ships for Portuguese exploration of the oceans. |
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Definition
| Finds latitude by measuring between the North Star and the horizon, and measures direction by pointing North. |
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| Reasons for European Exploration |
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Definition
| Searching for new trading partners, new goods, new trade routes, and to learn more about the world. |
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| Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco de Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan |
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Definition
| Dias was the first to round the tip of Africa; Gama was the first captain to reach India through the sea; Magellan was the first to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. |
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| Christopher Columbus's Impact |
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Definition
| Encouraged a dream of religious freedom; Finding gold, money, glory, and fame. |
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| Parts of North America Claimed By Spain |
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Definition
| Florida, Mexico, Central America |
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| Parts of North America Claimed By France |
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Definition
| Canada, all land drained by the Mississippi |
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| Parts of North America Claimed By Holland |
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Definition
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| Parts of North America Claimed By England |
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Definition
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| Impacts of European Voyages on Native Americans and Europeans |
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Definition
| Brought settlers to the new world; brought diseases to the new world, and allowed expansion for Europe |
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| Why Is the Northeast Called "The Birthplace of Our Nation?" |
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Definition
| Pilgrims landed in Plymouth, MA; Many immigrants came through New York; American Revolution started in Boston; Declaration of Independence signing in Philadelphia |
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| Important Physical and Man-Made Features of the Northeast |
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| Why Did Factories Develop? |
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Definition
| Waterways can power mills; Lots of people and methods of transportation (railroads and canals) |
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Definition
| Period of social and economic change that transforms making money from agricultural to technology or machines |
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| Crowded; many different people from different races and religions. |
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| Pilgrim's Government Type |
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Definition
| Democratic (everyone has a vote) |
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Definition
| Settled by Sir Walter Raleigh; When John White went back to get supplies, when he returned, the colony was empty except for "Croatoan" carved into a tree. |
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| Challenges Faced by Jamestown and Plymouth |
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Definition
| Disease, lack of food and not knowing how to plant the right crops, rough winters |
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| Successes of Plymouth and Jamestown |
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Definition
| Help from local native Americans to learn crop growing, creating the Mayflower Compact (democratic government), "any man who will not work will not eat" |
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| Differences Between Colonies |
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Definition
New England: Rocky soil, harder to farm; fishing and whaling; Puritan
Middle Colonies: Smaller farms, merchants, craftsmen, trappers, Quakers
Southern Colonies: Hot summers, large plantations, more slave labor, swamplands, mosquitoes |
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Massachusetts: Puritans to have a community
Rhode Island: People from other colonies could have freedom of religion
New York: English settlers could move westward
Pennsylvania: Quakers could live safely
Maryland: Catholics could practice their religion
Georgia: Keep the Spanish from moving north; help poor people escape debtor's prison |
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| Three Legs of Slave Journey to America |
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Definition
Leg 1: Across Africa to the coast
Leg 2: Middle Passage across the Atlantic Ocean
Leg 3: Arrival in America to final destination |
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Definition
| Developed to provide large numbers of workers on plantations and farms; Profit for slave traders |
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| Hardships Endured by Slaves |
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Definition
| Chained together on ships; Little space to move; Ships dirty and full of pests; Many died on the passage across |
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Definition
| Capital of Pennsylvania; College of William and Mary for boys; Raleigh Tavern for meeting and food and drink; Governor's Palace built like British palaces; Governor appointed by Britain, other leaders elected; Slaves worked on farms and served in houses; All white citizens expected to attend Anglican church |
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| Gave Native Americans all land west of the Appalachian mountains to protect fur trade and draw settlers to Canada and British colonies; Colonists didn't like it because it prevented them from moving west |
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| British Troops in Colonies |
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Definition
| Left there to force payment of taxes after the French and Indian War |
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Definition
| Forced colonists to provide British soldiers a place to live, food, drink, and candles. Denied the colonists a right to their own army. |
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| A tax on every document or newspaper. All profits went directly to England. |
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| Five protestors killed by British soldiers outside the Customs House in Boston. |
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| Response to high taxes; Dumped into the harbor |
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| Passed by the British after the Boston Tea Party as retaliation |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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Definition
| Called to debate the content of the Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
| Written by Thomas Paine; Argued colonists owed no loyalty to an unjust ruler; written in plain language |
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| Declaration of Independence Author |
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Definition
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| Declaration of Independence Ideas |
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Definition
| All people are born with certain rights: Life, liberty, and the right to own property |
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| Declaration of Independence Danger |
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| Britain considered them traitors |
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| Southeast Colonies Importance |
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Definition
| Gave lots of land to build plantations and to expand |
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| Southeast Physical Features |
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Definition
| Everglades National Park; cotton plantations; Port of New Orleans; Oil refineries; Mississippi River; Appalachian mountains; Jamestown; Cape Canaveral |
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| Continental Army Soldiers |
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Definition
| Consisted of Farmers, merchants, and workers |
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| Strongest military in the world; large and well-funded; professional soldiers |
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| Leader of the Continental Army |
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| Recognized the US as a country; Gave the US their freedom; Gave the US back the land Britain took away |
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| Guerilla tactics (fight and run) |
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| Traditional warfare (stand in a line and shoot) |
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| Supreme law and plan of the national government |
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| Events Leading to the Constitution |
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Definition
| Winning the Revolutionary War; wanting to protect new freedom and maintain order |
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Definition
| Improve the Articles of Confederation, ended up being a whole new document |
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| Supporters and Planners of the Constitution |
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Definition
| George Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison, Gouverneur Morris |
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| Father of the Constitution |
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Definition
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| Three Branches of Government |
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Definition
| Legislative, Executive, and Judicial |
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Definition
Legislative: Making laws
Executive: Carrying out laws
Judicial: Determining law's meaning |
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| Each one cannot do anything without the other ones approving or stopping it |
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| Changes to the Constitution to protect rights or liberties |
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| Freedoms of citizens (freedom of speech or religion) |
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| Protections guaranteed to those accused of crimes, like the right to a lawyer and a trial by a jury |
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| A group of citizens who decides the outcome of a trial |
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| First amendments to the Constitution; List basic rights and freedoms that the government cannot take away |
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| Right to freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press |
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| Freedom to keep and bear arms; Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures; Fair trial; Right to have a lawyer and a trial by jury; Fair and reasonable punishments; No quartering; Limiting the power of the national government |
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Definition
| The natural right or obvious fate to move westward to expand west of the Mississippi |
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Term
| Westward Expansion and Purchases |
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Definition
| Louisiana Purchase in 1803 gained land from Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains; 1817-1819 Florida captured from Spain; 1820's Mexico gained independence from Spain including Texas; Oregon originally British but given to US in 1844 |
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Definition
Forty-Niners: Fortune seekers in California gold rush of 1849
Chinese Immigrants: Looked for gold in mines
Mormons: Moved west seeking religious freedom
Oregon Pioneers: Traveled the Oregon trail to find a new life |
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Definition
| Many difficulties including: harsh conditions, disease, Native American attacks, hunger |
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| Native Americans Affected by Westward Expansion |
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Definition
| Forced out of their lands and fought the government; Taken to reservations; Many died from disease and starvation |
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| Surveyed the boundaries of Washington, D.C. |
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| A pass across the Appalachian Mountains |
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| Built the Wilderness Road |
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| Symbol of the Democratic Party |
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| Symbol of the Republican Party |
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| Wrote the "Star Spangled Banner," our national anthem |
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| First President to live in the White House |
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| Published a book of drawings of all the bird species of our country |
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| Gift from France, symbol of the United States |
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| Home and office of the US President |
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| Added two more states so the North / South would have an equal number of free and slave states |
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| System to move slaves through stations from the South to free Northern states. Harriet Tubman was a famous conductor on it. |
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| Compromise of 1850 (North) |
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Definition
| California and Washington, D.C. became free areas |
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| Compromise of 1850 (South) |
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Definition
| Utah and New Mexico became slave states |
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Definition
| Pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers battled in this state to influence whether slavery would continue |
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| President Lincoln was opposed to the expansion of slavery to new territories; Slave states broke off to form their own Confederacy |
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| General for the Confederacy |
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| Commanded Union armies in the west in drive from Chattanooga to Atlanta in a "march to the sea" across Georgia; path of destruction across the South that stopped the will and ability to fight |
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| Most were poor farmers and immigrants from Europe |
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| Turning point in the Civil War; Lee lost 1/3 of his army and was forced to return to Virginia |
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Definition
| Combat was walking or running in rows, elbow to elbow; Smoky and dangerous |
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| Trenches on high ground; Rifles over longer distances; Cannons had protection of walls and trenches |
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| Railroads, Cannons, Rifles, Telegraph |
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Definition
| Poor; most died from injuries or disease; Surgeons rarely washed or had clean facilities; No medications; Amputation common |
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Definition
| Things that would not spoil quickly; salty pickled meats, dried beans, hardtack crackers; chicory root or coffee |
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Definition
| Drafts; Rich allowed to hire replacements for the draft; Shortages of food and goods; Destruction in the South; Women worked in factories and as nurses |
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Definition
| President Lincoln gave this speech in 1863 after the battle there, to honor the sacrifices of those killed in the battle. |
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Definition
| Ulysses S. Grant captured a Confederate army under Pemberton, splitting the Confederacy in half through the Mississippi River. |
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Definition
| Union armies were victorious, and the rebellious states returned to the United States |
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Definition
| Confederate General Lee surrendered here to Union forces, marking the end of the Civil War |
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Definition
| Rebuilding period of the South following the Civil War |
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Term
| Presidential Reconstruction |
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Definition
| Johnson tried to rebuild the South gently using Southern officials in Congress |
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Definition
| Desire for Congress to punish the South and make them pay for their crimes against slaves |
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Definition
| Laws to describe the duties and rights of black Americans. Made it unlawful for them to live in certain areas and hold certain jobs. |
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Definition
| Passage of the 14th Amendment to make blacks full citizens of the United States and guaranteeing equal rights |
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Definition
| Provided food, shelter, clothing, medical care, and jobs for former slaves |
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Definition
| System where former slaves "rented" land from former owners to tend crops. Because Confederate money was now useless, they then "paid" their rent by giving a share of the crops harvested. |
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| Group that tortured and killed blacks, organized by former Confederate officers upset at seeing blacks holding public office. |
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| Made slaves equal citizens and guaranteed equal rights |
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Definition
| Guaranteed everyone the right to vote |
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| Life After Reconstruction |
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Definition
| Jim Crow laws made segregation legal. Former slaves had citizenship but were not equal |
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Definition
| Keeping people separate by preventing them from using the same restaurants, schools, trains, hotels, and parks. |
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Definition
| The name for the Midwest, in the center of the country. |
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Definition
| Important to the Midwest because most crops and farms are here that the rest of the country depends on. |
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| Midwest Physical Features |
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Definition
| Gateway Arch in Saint Louis, MO; Mississippi River to transport goods; Farms to grow crops throughout |
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Definition
| People have built dams in rivers; Aquaducts to move water to farms and cities; Air conditioning to keep hot areas cool; Automobiles to make travel easier; Crops that need less water, such as corn |
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| Southwest Physical Features |
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Definition
| Colorado River and Hoover Dam; Grand Canyon in Arizona; Carlsbad Cavern in New Mexico; The Alamo in San Antonio |
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| Adventure, jobs, and land; Inexpensive land and a way to start over |
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Definition
| Columbia River for fishing and salmon; Yellowstone National Park for geysers; California's Central Valley for fruit and vegetable farms; Leadville, Colorado for silver mining |
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| West Constructed Features |
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| Lewis and Clark Trail; Disneyland in California |
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