Term
| Ecological models consider: |
|
Definition
| Connections between people and their environments |
|
|
Term
| Most physical activity behavioral interventions have focused on ___ factors and have neglected to account for the influence of ____ factors |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Rudolph Moos (1980) described four categories of environmental factors relevant to health-related behavior. The 4 categories include size and function of organizations, features of the natural and BE, sociodemographic characteristics, and an individual's perception of the social setting. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A highly "walkable" city is regarded as one which includes: |
|
Definition
| public transportation and mixed land use |
|
|
Term
| The CDC's current physical activity guidelines include the following components: |
|
Definition
| 150 min of moderate aerobic activity per week; 75 min of vigorous intensity aerobic activity per week; an equivalent mix of mod and vig-intensity aerobic activity |
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|
Term
| Bronfenbrenner's level of environmental influence on health behavior that includes political, economic, and cultural influence is: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The relationship between physical activity patterns and public health is best described as? |
|
Definition
None of the above
(cause and effect relationship) |
|
|
Term
| Urban design characteristics influence how people perceive the built environment. T or F. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Early 19th century urban settings embodied which of the following design characteristics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By 1920 the urban population in America reached: |
|
Definition
6.2 million
(54 million?) |
|
|
Term
| ___ determine how feasible it is to use walking and bicycling to get from one place to another and provides connection between places. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The large increase in American urban population was the result of which of the following? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The theory of disease etiology in the 1800's was referred to as ___ and was linked to ___. |
|
Definition
| Miasma; unsanitary environments |
|
|
Term
| During sanitation reform Frederick Law Olmsted was best known for: |
|
Definition
| planning and designing suburbs, linking poor health to urban design, and Central Park |
|
|
Term
| The housing reform debate was based on the ideas that public health problems were linked to American cities and that the environment allowed for the spread of disease. What discovery did reformers fail to acknowledge that is critical to the spread of disease? |
|
Definition
None of the above
(environment) |
|
|
Term
| The work of Veiller and DeForest during the housing reform debate led to the development of: |
|
Definition
| Building height and block size regulations, zoning regulations, and separation of building standards |
|
|
Term
| The way in which American cities are designed was influenced by four reform movements beginning with: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The concept of free standing structures on lots plotted spatially to enhance sunlight led to the institutionalization of____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| American zoning for public health differed from the "districting" scheme in Germany because American zoning allowed for mixed zones. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why was the City of Eclid, Ohio versus Amber Realty a monumental court case? |
|
Definition
| It was the first Supreme Court ruling in favor of zoning and thus set precedence; Declared that zoning was constitutional as long as it was within a municipality's police power. |
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|
Term
| How was Ebenezer Howard's idea of the garden city different from that of the standard suburban model of the time? |
|
Definition
| The garden city was based on a polycentric network of cities surrounded by rural land |
|
|
Term
| A device of land use planning that designates permitted uses of land based on mapped areas that separates one set of land use from another, and may regulate building height and lot coverage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How had the automobile influenced Perry's concept of neighborhood planning? |
|
Definition
| Neighborhoods were being cut in half by thoroughfares and soon became isolated from one another; highways were required to run in every direction creating a street system with interstitial spaces for neighborhoods; the neighborhood interior roadways were wide and connected to facilitate pedestrian travel. |
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|
Term
| Which of the following statements is true of the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA)? |
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Definition
| The RPAA was dedicated to building balanced communities based on affordable housing. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is (are) false? |
|
Definition
| Present day development in the US is being driven by public health problems from a century or more ago; tools such as zoning provide planners with a police power to control growth for health, safety and welfare of the public; present day sprawl and auto-dependent cities, suburbs and towns have an important health consequence; present day leading causes of death are communicable. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following factors determine life expectancy? |
|
Definition
| genetics and access to health care |
|
|
Term
| Chronic diseases are characterized as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number one killer in current day society? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetics are a stronger predictor of health status than lifestyle factors. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why was the Surgeon General's Report of 1996 so monumental? |
|
Definition
| Claimed that moderate-intensity activity was beneficial to health |
|
|
Term
| What are some significant health benefits of moderate-intensity physical activity? |
|
Definition
| People who engage in moderate-intensity activities are able to respond efficiently to emergencies |
|
|
Term
| The difference between physical activity and exercise is: |
|
Definition
None of the above
(exercise: planned and structured, PA: any bodily movement) |
|
|
Term
| The study conducted by Kujala et al., 1998 utilized data collected in the 1975 Finnish Twin Cohort. What important contribution did this study make to the literature regarding the onset of chronic disease? |
|
Definition
| LTPA factors are associated with reduced mortality even after genetics were considered. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following risk factors are most commonly found among those that suffer from CVD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If 1/2 of the inactive adults became insufficiently active the total number of death associated with CHD would decrease by 3.9% and if 1/2 of the insufficiently active adults became active at the recommended level the total number of deaths associated with CHD would decrease by 7.1%. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physical activity rates vary by demographic and sociodemographic patterns in which of the following ways? |
|
Definition
| PA rates decline with income |
|
|
Term
| Lifetime PA influences QOL in the elderly in which of the following ways? |
|
Definition
| Delays onset of disability and CD; decrease functional limitations; delays loss of independence; reduces cognitive decline |
|
|
Term
| The most effective model to encourage PA is described as: |
|
Definition
| Activity that is unstructured |
|
|
Term
| When an individual engages in exercise they do so with the purpose of improving one or some combination of the 5 fitness components. Which of the following are fitness components? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are walking and bicycling ideal activities for becoming physically active? |
|
Definition
| They are somewhat inexpensive and they are activities that people can engage in without fear |
|
|
Term
| Recreational activities are different from utilitarian activities in which of the following ways? |
|
Definition
| Recreational activities are performed in specific places while utilitarian activities are performed as a means of fulfilling some other purpose. |
|
|
Term
| What does the figure below imply? (Fig 4-1 from page 58) |
|
Definition
| The proximity of a PA resource to one's house has increase over time. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is (are) a barrier to engaging in utilitarian PA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Real and perceived environmental barriers, such as the distance between two destinations and the quality of the route between destination, influence how willing people are to walk or bike for utilitarian purposes. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the implications of the figure below? (fig 4-2 from page 62) |
|
Definition
| Public policies influence PA levels; researchers are creating conceptual models that tie PA behavior to the BE |
|
|
Term
| Table 4-2 on page 70 reported the % of total trips by car, public transport, bicycle and walking. The majority (84%) of US citizens reported using a car for transportation; this is a higher rate than European countries. In comparison to the US, what is occurring in European countries that are not occurring in the US? |
|
Definition
| European countries typically have high functioning transportation infrastructure; European policy supports urban density and mixed land uses |
|
|
Term
| Physical location patters have been re-arranged to meet the needs of the automobile driver, who is typically middle class and middle aged. This has limited the mobility and access for children, the elderly and the poor in which of the following ways? |
|
Definition
| A pattern of decentralized growth discriminates against disadvantaged populations; long distances deprive those who cannot drive and makes travel by other modes difficult, impractical and dangerous |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of overweight children become overweight adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which factor(s) constrain PA in children? |
|
Definition
| The distance from a child's home to school; the distance of a child's home to a park or playground; a parent's perception of the safety of the environment; the safety of the streets which a child must use for travel |
|
|
Term
| Why are children at a disadvantage in regards to environmental cues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the study conducted by Hillman, Adams and Whitelegg (1990), British children were found to travel less on their own that German children. What is (are) a possible explanation(s) for this finding? |
|
Definition
| There are higher population densities in German cities |
|
|
Term
| Playgrounds were an integral component of Clarence Perry's neighborhood design in the 1920s. How is the nature of children's play in opposition to Perry's design? |
|
Definition
| Children are the most active in open spaces where they are able to engage in unstructured play |
|
|
Term
| Cul-de-sacs are viewed as safe and they also make practical travel more convenient. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regular PA diminishes the effects of aging and delays the onset of adverse health outcomes associated with aging. PA help attenuate age-related physical decline in which of the following ways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following explains changes in PA levels as people age? |
|
Definition
| Sedentary behavior increases with age and physical activity decreases |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT an environmental barrier the elderly face when deciding to participate in rec and/or utilitarian PA? |
|
Definition
| An environment perceived as unsafe; distance between destinations; excessive traffic volume; complete sidewalks |
|
|
Term
| Which statement best describes the relationship between poverty and health status? |
|
Definition
| Poor health is the result of low-income and poor environment |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a barrier for the poor that is not necessarily a barrier for children or the elderly? |
|
Definition
| lower-auto ownership rates |
|
|
Term
| As discussed in Ch 6, which attributes of the BE are believed to influence utilitarian activity? |
|
Definition
| Land use patterns and urban design characteristics |
|
|
Term
| A network of physical infrastructure within a region which determines how far one must travel between destinations and determines how many route options are available refers to which of the following attributes of the BE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes the "crow fly"? |
|
Definition
| The straight-line distance between destinations |
|
|
Term
| Land use patterns determine how close destinations are to one another, independent of the network quality. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Land use patterns are measured by which of the following? |
|
Definition
| Density (people and structures) |
|
|
Term
| Which type of neighborhood is characterized as having a BE with high connectivity and high proximity? |
|
Definition
| Contemporary suburban development |
|
|
Term
| Randall Crane is in opposition to the idea that if we change the BE we will change people's activity patterns. What is his theory based on? |
|
Definition
| Law of constant travel time |
|
|
Term
| In what ways are street networks important to travel? |
|
Definition
| Street network design determines connectivity; street networks influence the number of available trip routes; street networks determine trip mode choice |
|
|
Term
| In present day street design, which type of street design provides a distance similar to the crow-fly distance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The natural unplanned process whereby an urban settlement evolves from a village origin without planned intervention is characteristic of which type of street design? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hierarchical street design affects PA in which of the following ways? |
|
Definition
| Decreases the number of destinations |
|
|
Term
| In 1936 the Federal Housing Administration recommended that city planners adopt Clearance Perry's neighborhood design ideas and in 1948 the American Public Health Association published a report stating that neighborhoods should be as connected as possible. With the support of the FHA and the APHA, American neighborhood development was centered around the grid system. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The APHA supported neighborhood and street design inclusive of which of the following characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Less intersections within a neighborhood; curvilinear street design within a neighborhood |
|
|
Term
| What types of infrastructure policy changes have been implemented in European countries to accommodate bicyclists? |
|
Definition
| Inclusion of streets designed to give bicyclists the right of way |
|
|
Term
| Which federally funded Act openly supported bicycling in the US during the 1990s? |
|
Definition
| Intermodal Surface Transportation Act |
|
|
Term
| There is some debate within the US regarding on- and off-street accommodations specifically for bicyclists. John Forester is supportive of on-street bicycling based on which of the following? |
|
Definition
| Off-street facilities weaken legitimacy of bicyclists as street users |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements BEST describes the ideal relationship between transit and nonmotorized forms of transportation? |
|
Definition
| More highly connected street networks allows the commuter to abandon car completely |
|
|
Term
| The "transit-oriented development" concept is based on low-density housing along with complementary public uses, jobs, retail and services that are concentrated in mixed-use developments as strategic points along the regional transit system. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be concluded based on the work done by Moudon et al (1997), Nelson and Allen (1997), Hartman (1993) and Hulsmann (1993)? |
|
Definition
| Greater street connectivity and facilities generate higher pedestrian traffic; pathway miles in a given area is significantly related to commuting by bike; constructing a bicycle network alongside roadways increases bicycle use and decreases motor vehicle use |
|
|
Term
| Land use patterns are defined and measured by which of the following? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Land use mixing decreases the proximity between any two destinations. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Census data are commonly used to measure forms of population density. Which of the following measures the number of households per area of land? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The relationship between density and PA can be described as: |
|
Definition
| Lower densities will produce less walking and bicycling trips because distances are greater |
|
|
Term
| How does population density affect transit? |
|
Definition
| Higher population densities make transit more viable |
|
|
Term
| The two downsides to density measurement is density is rarely measured in term of trip ends and there is little consensus regarding how to classify different densities into "high" "medium" and "low" densities. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Like density, ___ is a term used to describe the "co-location" of multiple uses over the same area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mixed-use can be measured at different ___ levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A job/housing imbalance is best described as: |
|
Definition
| A region or part of a region that relies on the automobile to stay connected; sections of a region that contain the bulk of employment |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by a "bed-room community"? |
|
Definition
| Satellite communities developed around central cities to house workers |
|
|
Term
| Describe the relationship between mixed-use and PA. |
|
Definition
| Mixed-use has the greatest relevance at smaller scales in regard to PA; mixed-use supports the link between transit and walking; the way mixed-uses are arranged influences how people travel |
|
|
Term
| The way mixed-uses are arranged can influence how people travel. ___ is used to describe how PA-"friendly" a neighborhood is. The more ___ a neighborhood, the less activity-friendly the environment is. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Density's influence on walking and bicycling may be more felt at higher levels of density, where the concentration of people and destinations is such that the built environment becomes most conducive to alternate forms of travel. This hypothesis is referred to as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following BE characteristics best describes the influence of the BE on one's perception regarding the desirability to walk, bicycle or engage in recreational exercise on, or within a particular place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reform occurred in American architecture that sought for the common good to create moral and civic virtue and to promote harmonious social order that was thought to increase quality of life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the turn of the century, many city planners and architects dismissed the emphasis on aesthetics brought about by the City Beautiful Movement, calling instead for a discipline based on modern, rational principles and devoted to functional considerations. This shift from City Beautiful was known as ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the early 1900s architectural design, city planners, transportation engineers and public health advocates began to plan, design and support an environment focused on the needs of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The layout and design of individual streets and street segments refers to which of the following terms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Street design influences PA by shaping one's desires to engage in such activity within the BE. Here, the desirability can be defined as: |
|
Definition
| Perception of safety; perception of social attractiveness; perception of physical attractiveness |
|
|
Term
| Which element above corresponds to special-purpose lanes that can be used solely for nonmotorists? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which street elements above should be included to provide pedestrians with a perception of physical attractiveness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The authors of the text book state the purpose of a street is to: |
|
Definition
| Move people and good between destinations; serve as a stage for social interaction |
|
|
Term
| The American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials published a 1,000 page manual titled A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets to serve as a set of standards to be used ___; while the ITE released a publication containing street design guidelines that encouraged designs with ___ in mind. |
|
Definition
| Federally funded roadways; bicyclists and pedestrians |
|
|
Term
| The guidelines contained with the Green Book were used on all federally funded roadways up until 1991. In 1991, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act was passed that changed transportation planning policy, and provided funds for non-motorized commuter trails. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The guidelines contained in the Green Book resulted in two basic priorities for street design. First, the guidelines encourage the design of streets for the fast movement of __. Second, the guidelines stress the importance of unimpeded ___ flow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following refers to the way in which streets are designed or redesigned for the safety of 15th fastest driver out of every 100 on the street? |
|
Definition
| "eighty-fifth percentile" rule |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following Green Book guidelines is a measure based on a ration, the number of vehicles distributed over a given stretch of roadway, used to determine the degree of traffic congestion on the street? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the figure to the right, which image depicts the ideal level of service from a motorist perspective and which image depicts the ideal level of service from a pedestrian point of view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A high level of service in an area suitable for pedestrians encourages PA (namely walking) based on the idea that the streetscape is a stage upon which ___ occurs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes a street that is ideal for nonmotorists? |
|
Definition
| Streetscape that maintains visual and sensory attention at slow speeds; streetscape that contains abrupt, irregular, complex and detailed features |
|
|
Term
| Differences in the way motorists and nonmotorists travel and perceive the surrounding environment is easily translated into specific street design requirements based on the ___ at which motorists and nonmotorists travel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which street surface elements are critical in determining the speed and volume of automobile traffic upon a street? |
|
Definition
| Carriage width; on-street parking; paving material |
|
|
Term
| To enhance the nonmotorist's sense of safety, the design of the carriageway and other street elements must serve to __ traffic speeds and reduce __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a traffic calming technique used in Europe where neighborhood streets were transformed, through design interventions, into spaces wherein nonmotorists ruled the street and motorists had to move slowly and cautiously in order to avoid pedestrians and bicyclists? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Traffic calming strategies, like Tempo 30, offer a major advantage over the disconnected network in the fact that it leaves connections in place for nonmotorists, thereby serving to make walking more difficult and driving less difficult in the areas in which traffic calming schemes are introduced. T or F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is important for PA patterns because in contributes to the basic attractiveness of the street as a place for PA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Site design elements shape perceptions of how ___ and ___ the street is, which in turn influences a person's decision to walk, jog, bicycle, or socialize on the street. |
|
Definition
|
|
