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Definition
| any physical event, combination of events, or relation among events |
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Definition
| a unit of behavior; a discrete & usually reoccurring segment of behavior |
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Definition
| a call forth, draw out, or provoke (a reaction, for example) |
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Definition
| decline in tendency to respond to stimuli that have become familiar due to repeated exposure |
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Term
| the course of habituation |
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Definition
| large declines in responding first, progressively get smaller |
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Term
| 8 laws of short-term habituation |
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Definition
1. spontaneous recovery
2. repeated habituation --> more rapid habituation
3. rate of habituation faster for shorter ISI
4. rater of habituation faster for weaker stimuli
5. below-zero habituation
6. habituation is specific
7. dishabituation
8. habituation of dishabituation |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that a previously neutral stimulus predicts the occurrence of an important stimulus |
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Definition
| after repeatedly feeding his dog immediately after ringing a bell, the dog salivated in response to the sound of the bell alone; conditioned response to bell (CR) |
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Term
| the "unconditioned stimulus" (US) for Pavlov's dog was the _____ |
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Definition
| food (because food normally/unconditionally evokes salivation) |
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Term
| the "conditioned stimulus" (CS) for Pavlov's dog was the _____ |
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Definition
| bell (because the bell does not normally evoke salivation; the bell got paired with the food/the unconditioned stimulus) |
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Term
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Definition
| if 2 sensations, or stimuli, repeatedly occur together, the mental reactions to those stimuli become associated such that when the first sensation or stimulus is given, it triggers the memory of the associated stimulus |
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| Pavlov's original experiment is an example of _____ classical conditioning |
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Definition
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Term
| What is meant by "excitatory" classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| the CS is able to excite the CR into being |
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Term
| From a procedural point of view, ______ occurs when the presentation of the CS is followed by a presentation of the US (i.e. CS --> US pairings) |
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Definition
| conditioned excitation (or excitatory conditioning) |
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Term
| Is contingency or contiguity crucial to conditioning? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 ways that way know that the CR arises from the pairing CS-US |
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Definition
1. repeated presentations of the CS alone (explicit unpairing) before pairing does not produce CR
2. repeated presentations of the CS alone after pairing extinguishes CR (extinction)
3. random presentations of the CS & US do not produce CR |
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Term
| All animals, including humans, are born with an innate set of _____ - wired-in responses to specific environmental stimuli |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a relationship between a specific environmental event (a stimulus "S") and a behavioral action (a response "R") that it evokes |
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Term
| 3 presentations of CS & US that do not support learning |
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Definition
1. backwards conditioning
2. simultaneous conditioning
3. explicitly & randomly unpaired |
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Term
| 2 advantages of the method of classical conditioning for the study of the neurobiology of learning & memory |
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Definition
1. the engram (memory site) is found at the convergence of the pathways carrying the CS & US information
2. the learned behavior (CR) is a unique output resulting from the proper pairing of the CS & US & can be measured precisely in terms of latency (to CS) and strength |
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Term
| 5 important characteristics of a behavioral model conditioned response system to investigate the neural substrates of learning & memory |
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Definition
1. the conditioned response (CR) should be quantifiably measureable in terms of latency & amplitude
2. the CR should be well characterized under a variety of stimulus conditions to determine changes in its rate of acquisition, frequency of occurrence, and/or amplitude
3. the CR should be associative in nature & clearly distinguishable from nonassociative forms of learning
4. the CR should emerge rapidly & should endure
5. the afferent & efferent pathways responsible for the expression of the CR should be known or at least amenable to analysis |
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