Term
| Are both episodic & semantic memory systems large, complex, highly structured, and can hold practically unlimited amounts of information? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do episodic & semantic memory systems receive information from sensory modalities, internally generated sources, neither, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the process for encoding information into long-term storage similar or quite different for episodic & semantic memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| which memory deals with events? |
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Definition
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Term
| which memory deals with facts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean that stored information in both systems is "representational"? |
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Definition
| the information is functionally isomorphic with what is or could be in the world |
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Term
| What does it mean that stored information in both systems is "propositional"? |
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Definition
| an intelligent observer can describe it & its expression symbolically |
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Term
| What does it mean that information in both systems has truth value? |
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Definition
| it either matches or does not match with the state of affairs in some other system, such as the outside world |
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Term
| What does it mean that information in both systems is accessible & can be expressed flexibly? |
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Definition
| accessible through a wide variety of retrieval queries & routes; expressed through a wide variety of signs or behaviors |
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Term
| What does it mean that processing of information is highly sensitive to context? |
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Definition
| elements of our physical surroundings become embedded in our learning of new information |
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Term
| Are both systems "cognitive" or "behavioral"? |
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Definition
| cognitive (products of retrieval can be consciously contemplated or thought about) |
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Term
| Is behavioral expression of products in retrieval in both systems optional or obligatory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do episodic & semantic memories serve the same function? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ memory is the only memory that, at the time of retrieval, is oriented towards the past |
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Definition
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Term
| Episodic memory is accompanied by _____ conscious awareness |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "self knowing" & self awareness |
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Term
| Through _____ memory we are aware of our own identity & existence in subjective time that extends from the past through the present into the future |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean that the relationship between remembering & knowing is one of embeddedness? |
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Definition
| episodic remembering always implies semantic knowing, whereas knowing does not imply remembering |
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Term
| Which memory lags behind the other in terms of human development? |
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Definition
| episodic lags behind semantic |
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Term
| Is episodic or semantic memory more vulnerable to pathologies of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is episodic or semantic memory a more recent arrival on the evolutionary scene? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does episodic or semantic memory rely more on the frontal lobes? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 meanings for the term conscious recollection |
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Definition
1. intentional in the sense that you actively initiated a search of your memory
2. an awareness of remembering - a sense that a memory trace has been successfully activated |
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Term
| 3 places the entorhinal cortex projects to |
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Definition
1. dentate gyrus
2. CA3
3. CA1 |
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Term
| What types of cells are found in CA3? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are interneurons usually glutamatergic or GABAergic? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 inputs required for pattern separation |
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Definition
1. relatively weak but diffuse direct perforant path to CA3
2. strong but sparse mossy fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| representing cortical activity & minimizing overlap of cortical representations |
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Term
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Definition
| modifying synaptic connections so cortical representations can later be recalled from partial or noisy version of these representations |
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Term
| two inputs required for pattern separation |
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Definition
1. "relatively weak but diffuse direct perforant path to CA3"
2. "strong but sparse mossy fibers" |
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Term
| Does neurogenesis occur in the dentate gyrus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name given to new cells generated in the dentate gyrus? |
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Definition
| new adult-born dentate gyrus granule cells (young DGCs) |
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Term
| The functional integration of adult-born (young) DGCs into the mnemonic function of area CA3 in _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of the relatively weak but diffuse path to the CA3? |
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Definition
| to convey the memory representations from the EC |
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Term
| Strong but sparse mossy fiber synapses come onto CA3 PCs from _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major difference in function of mature DGCs & young DGCs? |
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Definition
mature = optimally set up to respond to past experiences
young = the capability to encode new/unforeseen events |
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Term
| What is the role of the perforant path to the CA3 in pattern completion & recall? |
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Definition
| to activate already established representations stored via the recurrent collaterals of CA3 pyramidal cells |
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Term
| For pattern completion & recall, strong but sparse mossy fibers synapse onto the CA3 PCs from _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a subset of the original experience can activate the memory for the entire experience; does NOT requires mossy fiber activation |
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Term
| Why is the associative connectivity in the cortex not sufficient to store memories? |
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Definition
| too low to support the rapid changes needed to associate patterns of activation distributed widely across the neocortex |
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Term
| What is the benefit of the associative connectivity in the hippocampus? |
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Definition
| it is rich & connections are easily modified |
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Term
| What is tested for in the explicit memory test? |
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Definition
| intentional retrieval & conscious recollection of information |
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Term
| What is tested for in the implicit memory test? |
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Definition
| unintentional, unconscious retrieval of previously acquired information |
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Term
| Do amnesic people display incidental learning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acquisition of context memories depends on the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What was being studied with Beth, Jon, & Kate? |
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Definition
| what happens when the hippocampus is damaged early in life |
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Term
| Beth, Jon, & Kate had very impaired _____ memory but had normal language & social skills |
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Definition
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Term
| Were Beth, Jon, & Kate able to read & write & acquire new factual information? |
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Definition
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Term
| Were Beth, Jon, & Kate able to recall stories from logical memory after a 90 minute waiting period? |
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Definition
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Term
| Were Beth, Jon, & Kate able to reproduce a geometric design after a 40 minute waiting period? |
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Definition
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Term
| Were Beth, Jon, & Kate able to recall scores for two 16 word lists immediately after they were presented? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can episodic memory be considered separate from semantic memory (based off of Beth, Jon, & Kate)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the view that episodic memory is separate from semantic memory controversial? |
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Definition
| damage to the hippocampal region in adults equally impairs both semantic & episodic memory |
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Term
| Do universalists view the function of various medial structures as absolute? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| preexisting knowledge structures into which newly acquired information can be incorporated |
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Term
| Has the schema concept been shown to be relevant in rats for the phenomenon of memory consolidation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the gradual process of reorganization by which new memories become remote memories |
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Term
| As time passes after learning, the importance of _____ gradually diminishes & a more permanent memory is established in distributed regions of the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does the consolidation process from hippocampus to neocortex take in humans? In rats? |
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Definition
humans = a few years
rats = a few months |
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Term
| Describe Tse's flavor memory experiment |
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Definition
| animals learned the six flavor-place associations gradually across 6 weeks of training; each flavor-place pair was presented once per session for training & three sessions were scheduled each week |
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Term
| Were rats with hippocampal lesions able to learn Tse's flavor-place associations? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Tse's flavor-place experiment support the existence of schemas? |
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Definition
| animals were subsequently able to learn new flavor-place associations in a single trial & could remember the new associations for at least 2 weeks |
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Term
| What was the most surprising finding by Tse that connected the schema concept to memory consolidation? |
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Definition
| removal of the entire hippocampus as early as 48 hours after the rapid learning of two new flavor-place associations fully spared memory of the associations (these animals had first been given extensive training on six other flavor-place associations, thus establishing a schema) |
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Term
| What was the result of Tse lesioning the hippocampus 3 hours after learning? |
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Definition
| abolished the memory of new associations |
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Term
| Was Tse's memory consolidation unusually fast in his animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 cortical regions that research is finding to be increasingly important as time passes after learning |
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Definition
1. prefrontal cortex
2. temporal cortex
3. anterior cingulate cortex |
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Term
| Is it thought that memory literally passes from the hippocampus to the neocortex? |
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Definition
| no! (the hippocampus guides gradual changes in the neocortex that increases the complexity, distribution, & interconnectivity of memory storage sites) |
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Term
| two forms of declarative memory |
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Definition
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Term
| Hippocampal area _____ is important for the formation of distinct episodic events |
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Definition
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Term
| The direct perforant path (weak & diffuse), & which brings the memory representations to area CA3 during storage is also necessary for _____ |
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Definition
| pattern completion (recall of the memory event) |
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Term
| 2 places where episodic memories can be stored |
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Definition
1. hippocampus (as a result of short term consolidation)
2. neocortex (as a result of long-term consolidation) |
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Term
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Definition
| study conditions in which participants are forewarned that they will be tested on the material to which they are exposed |
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Term
| unitary view of semantic memories |
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Definition
| semantic memories could become hippocampal INDEPENDENT after long term consolidation (gradual process of reorganization by which new memories become remote memories) and, thus, they do NOT require hippocampal indexation for recall |
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Term
| separatist view of semantic memories (supported by Vargha-Khadem findings) |
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Definition
| semantic memories do not require the hippocampal formation |
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