Term
| What is the third leading health cause of death in the United States? |
|
Definition
| alcohol (behind heart disease & cancer) |
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Term
| _____ percent of the US population has an issue with alcohol dependency, & worldwide, it is the most abused drug |
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Definition
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Term
| Alcohol abuse and/or dependency has been found to reduce life expectancy by up to _____ years |
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Definition
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Term
| Alcohol is involved in _____% of all traffic fatalities, _____% of all homicides, & _____% of all suicides |
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Definition
| 50% traffic, 50% homicides, 25% suicides |
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Term
| four symptoms of alcoholism |
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Definition
1. craving (a strong need or urge to drink)
2. loss of control (not being able to stop drinking once you start)
3. physical dependence (withdrawal symptoms)
4. tolerance (the need to drink more alcohol to get drunk) |
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Term
| How does alcohol affect the central nervous system (the part of the body most affected by alcohol)? |
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Definition
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Term
| The degree to which the central nervous system is affected by alcohol is directly proportional to the _____ |
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Definition
| concentration of alcohol in the blood |
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Term
| What is alcohol's path once ingested? |
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Definition
| from the stomach to the small intestine, where it is rapidly absorbed into the blood & distributed throughout the body |
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Term
| The ______ is by far the most efficient region of the GI tract for alcohol absorption because of its very large surface area |
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Definition
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Term
| In a fasting individual, what percentage of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach versus the small intestine? |
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Definition
20-25% = stomach
75-80% = small intestine |
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Term
| What is the difference in timing between peak alcohol ingestion in a fasting person & a non-fasting person? |
|
Definition
fasting = 0.5 - 2 hours
non-fasting = 1 - 6 hours |
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Term
| Does alcohol have a high or low affinity for water? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to alcohol in the blood once absorption is complete? |
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Definition
| equilibrium occurs such that blood at all points in the system contain approximately the same concentration of alcohol |
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Term
| What does the body oxidize alcohol into? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does body weight affect your likelihood of getting affected by alcohol? |
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Definition
| the less you weigh, the more alcohol will affect you |
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Term
| Alcohol is a multiple-action depressor of the ______, and the depression caused by it is dose-dependent |
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Definition
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Term
| Despite people using alcohol for its stimulating action, this stimulation is only apparent & happens only with ______? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does alcohol act in a stimulating way? |
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Definition
| it depresses inhibitory tone |
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Term
| 2 results of alcohol removing the cortex from its integrative role |
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Definition
1. confused/disorganized thinking
2. disruption of adequate motor control |
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Term
| ______ diffuses through lipids, modifying protein fluidity & function |
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Definition
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Term
| How do high levels of ethanol affect the sodium/potassium pump? |
|
Definition
| decreases its electron-transporting functions, thus impairing electrical conduction of the nerve cells |
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Term
| Does ethanol affect various or only a few cerebral transmitters? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does ethanol affect the inhibitory GABA transmitter? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when GABA binds to a receptor? |
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Definition
| it promotes an increase in the frequency of opening of chloride channels, thus hyperpolarizing the cell |
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Term
| How does ethanol affect NMDARs? |
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Definition
| it inhibits NMDAR current & therefore affects synaptic plasticity |
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Term
| In the early stages of alcohol intake, there is an increase in ______, which provides anxiety relief |
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Definition
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Term
| As the concentrations of alcohol increase in the brain, what happens? |
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Definition
| GABAergic tone on the inhibitory interneurons which prevents there inhibition which causes excitation |
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Term
| two reasons why women are worse with handling their alcohol then men |
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Definition
1. a smaller blood volume & a higher proportion of body fat
2. ADH is 70-80% more present in men |
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Term
| 4 things in the diencephalon |
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Definition
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. epithalamus
4. subthalamus |
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Term
| What ventricle is shared with the diencephalon? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a c-shaped bundle of fibers (axons) in the brain that carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies & septal nuclei |
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Term
| 7 steps of the Papez circuit |
|
Definition
1. subiculum --> fornix
2. fornix --> mammillary nuclei
3. mammillary nuclei --> MTT & anterior thalamus
4. anterior thalamus --> internal capsule
5. internal capsule --> cingulate gyrus
6. cingulate gyrus --> parahippocampal gyrus
7. parahippocampal gyrus --> subiculum |
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Term
| 2 types of alcohol impairment |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 parts of the sensory store most affected by acute alcohol impairment |
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Definition
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|
Term
| acute alcohol impairment on STM |
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Definition
| small loss of visual & verbal STM |
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Term
| acute alcohol impairment on recency effect |
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Definition
| depresses the recency effect |
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Term
| acute alcohol impairment on retrieval deficits |
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Definition
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|
Term
| state-dependent learning (SDL) |
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Definition
| you will remember information best in the state in which you learned it |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability of a person to recall, while sober, the information learned while intoxicated |
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Term
| 2 signs of early stage alcoholism |
|
Definition
1. increased tolerance
2. increased blackouts |
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|
Term
| Do we know exactly why or how blackouts occur? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Blackouts usually occur during the _____ phase |
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Definition
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Term
| Alcohol acts as an agonist of the _____ receptor, disrupting memory |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome linked with chronic or acute alcoholism? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 symptoms discussed by Carl Wernicke in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
|
Definition
1. paralysis of eye movements
2. ataxia
3. confusion |
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Term
| What ended up happening to the alcoholic patients (and the woman who ingested acid) researched by Wernicke? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Did SS Korsakoff describe disruptions of memory in patients with short-term or long-term alcoholism? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What name did Korsakoff give to the syndrome he found in his alcoholic patients? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What was the first amnesic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| psychosis polyneuritica discovered by Korsakoff |
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Term
| A deficiency in _____ seems to be evident in patients suffering from Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
| How does alcohol affecting the GI system (particularly the liver) lead to a deficiency in thiamine? |
|
Definition
| decreased activation of thiamine pyrophosphate from thiamine, as well as a decreased capacity for the liver to store thiamine |
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Term
| Thiamine is converted into _____, which serves as a co-factor for several enzymes necessary for glucose utilization |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 3 enzymes that require thiamine pyrophosphate as a co-enzyme |
|
Definition
1. transketolase
2. pyruvate dehydrogenase
3. alpha ketoglutarate |
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Term
| Is the Korsakoff amnesic state observed in a large or small number of patients? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How do individuals in the Korsakoff amnesic state present themselves? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How do Korsakoff amnesic state patients become apparent upon examination? |
|
Definition
| by demonstrating confusion |
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Term
| 2 types of amnesia present in those with Korsakoff amnesic state |
|
Definition
1. retrograde
2. anterograde |
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|
Term
| 2 characteristics of the anterograde amnesia in the Korsakoff amnesic state |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How is the anterograde amnesia in the Korsakoff amnesic state demonstrated? |
|
Definition
| the patients can recall numbers/shapes as they're stated but not after a period of time has passed |
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|
Term
| How is the retrograde amnesia in the Korsakoff amnesic state demonstrated? |
|
Definition
| gaps in patients' memories recent & remote past events |
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Term
|
Definition
| filling in gaps in the patient's memory with stories |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which a person suffers disability seems unaware of his/her existing condition |
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|
Term
| 6 critical lesion sites for the memory disorder of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
|
Definition
1. the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus
2. mammillary bodies & anterior/midline portion of the thalamus
3. bilateral fornix
4. MTT & anterior thalamus
5. midline of the thalamus
6. anterior thalamic nuclei |
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|
Term
| Patient NA demonstrated what type of amnesia? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How did NA's amnesia manifest itself? |
|
Definition
| verbal amnesia with no other cognitive deficits |
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|
Term
| 6 parts of the brain that were messed up to cause NA's amnesia |
|
Definition
1. left mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
2. rostral & caudal intralaminar nuclei
3. ventral mediodorsal nucleus
4. ventral lateral & ventral anterior thalamic nuclei
5. mammillothalamic tract
6. mammillary bodies |
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|
Term
| Zola-Morgan & Squire demonstrated that circumscribed lesions in the _____ could produce amnesia in monkeys |
|
Definition
| mediodorsal thalamic nuclei |
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|
Term
| 4 characteristics of the amnesia studied by Graff-Radford with bilateral thalamic lesions |
|
Definition
1. deficits in anterograde verbal learning
2. deficits in anterograde visual learning
3. retrograde amnesia
4. no motor deficiencies |
|
|
Term
| Who was the first patient with non-alcoholic diencephalic amnesia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the nature of NA's amnesia |
|
Definition
| it affects primarily verbal material without other apparent cognitive deficits |
|
|
Term
| What was the trajectory of the injury to patient NA? |
|
Definition
| right nostril to left thalamus (contralateral) |
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|
Term
| What was the trajectory of the injury to patient BJ? |
|
Definition
| left nostril to basal regions of the brain |
|
|
Term
| What type of memory impairment was the worst with patient BJ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was the location of patient BJ's lesion? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus in the region of the mammillary bodies |
|
|
Term
| What lesions produced patient BY's amnesia? |
|
Definition
| bilateral lesions to the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| 4 areas that were normal in patient BY |
|
Definition
1. speech
2. reading
3. writing
4. calculation |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of severe amnesia in patient BY |
|
Definition
1. retrograde
2. anterograde |
|
|
Term
| At first, how was patient BY's retrograde amnesia? |
|
Definition
| very severe, going back a few years |
|
|
Term
| Did patient BY's retrograde amnesia improve over time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Did patient BY's anterograde amnesia improve over time? |
|
Definition
| sort of, but not like the retrograde improvements |
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