Term
| 3 stages in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model (AKA multi-store or modal or multi-memory model) |
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Definition
1. sensory memory (SM)
2. short term memory (STM)
3. long term memory (LTM) |
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Term
| 2 types of sensory memory |
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Definition
1. iconic memory
2. echoic memory |
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Term
| What is the approximate time frame for sensory memory? |
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Definition
| between under 1 second and no more than 2 |
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Term
| duration of short term memory |
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Definition
| as little as 2 seconds and no more than 30 |
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Term
| capacity of short term memory |
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Definition
| seven items plus or minus two |
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Term
| 2 short-term storage mechanisms within working memory models |
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Definition
1. the phonological loop
2. the visuospatial sketchpad |
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Term
| phonological loop (AKA phonetic or articulatory loop) |
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Definition
| the part of the working memory that rehearses verbal information |
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Term
| Is working memory generally believed to have a limited capacity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most popular quantification of the capacity limit associated with short term memory? |
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Definition
| the "magical number seven" (introduced by Miller) |
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Term
| Between what lengths of time does long term memory last? |
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Definition
| as little as 30 seconds to as long as decades |
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Term
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Definition
1. declarative memory
2. procedural memory |
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Term
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Definition
| all memories that are consciously retrievable |
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Term
| 3 places where declarative memories are encoded (although they are consolidated/stored elsewhere) |
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Definition
1. hippocampus
2. entorhinal cortex
3. perirhinal cortex |
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Term
| 2 major subdivisions of declarative memory |
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Definition
1. episodic memory (specific events in time)
2. semantic memory (knowledge about the external world) |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of objects or movements of the body (ex. how to use a pencil or ride a bike) |
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Term
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Definition
| the memory for events that evoke a particularly strong emotion |
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Term
| _____ memory underlies post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 levels of processing for encoding (some are "deeper" than others) |
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Definition
1. structural encoding (emphasis on the physical characteristics of the stimulus)
2. phonemic encoding (emphasis on the sounds of the words)
3. semantic (emphasis on the meaning) |
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Term
| 3 stages of memory storage in the most accepted model |
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Definition
1. sensory store
2. short-term store
3. long-term store |
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Term
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Definition
| forgetting occurs because of competition with other information |
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Term
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Definition
| new information interferes with what has already been learned |
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Term
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Definition
| old information interferes with what is being learned |
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Term
| two phenomena involved in the serial position effect |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ability to recall something varies with that object's position on a list |
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Term
| The primacy effect appears to be the result of subjects recalling items directly from a _____ memory |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 ways to attenuate the primacy effect |
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Definition
1. fast presentation of items (does not allow adequate rehearsal time to transfer from STM to LTM)
2. using list items that have similar meanings (creates semantic confusions) |
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Term
| The recency effect is found when the results of a free recall task are plotted on a ______ curve |
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Definition
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Term
| The recency effect appears to be the result of subjects recalling items directly from the _____ loop used to keep items in primary memory |
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Definition
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Term
| The recency effect displays ______ memory for items |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the result of the SLOW condition in the serial position effect test? |
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Definition
| both primacy & recency effects |
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Term
| What was the result of the FAST condition in the serial position effect test? |
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Definition
| disruption of the primacy effect |
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Term
| What was the result of the MATH (distractor) condition in the serial position effect test? |
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Definition
| disruption of the recency effect |
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Term
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Definition
| more of the first presented items are remembered |
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Term
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Definition
| more of the final presented items are remembered |
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Term
| What is the explanation for the existence of primacy & recency effects? |
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Definition
| 1st items rehearsed long enough to get into long-term memory; last items still in STM |
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Term
| About how many words are used in the serial position effect test? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is on each access of the graph used to display the serial position effect? |
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Definition
vertical access: percentage of words recalled
horizontal access: serial position of the word |
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Term
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Definition
| excellent recall of the last few items due to dumping of the items from the STS |
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Term
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Definition
| better recall of the first few items due to the longer amount of rehearsal time which copies them into the LTS |
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Term
| 4 serial position effect test results accounted for by the modal model of memory |
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Definition
1. the serial position curve is seen regardless of list length
2. the first items recalled will be the last few items, followed by the first few
3. items will be rehearsed less & less as the serial position increases
4. the recency effect, but not the primacy effect, is abolished if recall is delayed |
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Term
| conclusion of the Wickens PI experiment |
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Definition
| information was encoded using semantic encoding causing the current list to be confused with previous lists |
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Term
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Definition
| a severe impairment of memory |
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Term
| retrograde amnesia (the most well-known type) |
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Definition
| loss of memory for the event prior to the trauma, illness, or accident |
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Term
| Ribot's law for retrograde amnesia |
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Definition
| disruption seems to be temporally graded, with more recent memories being more susceptible to forgetting ("first in, last out") |
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Term
| results of the Squire, Slater, & Chace retrograde amnesia experiment |
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Definition
| patients were asked to recognize titles of television series that had been broadcast in different years, & the results showed that memories going back about 3 years were disrupted by the ECT treatment; memories for older programs were intact, suggesting that the consolidation process can continue for as long as a few years |
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of memories created after the trauma |
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Term
| What type of amnesia is measured using the Wechsler Memory Scale? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is memory consolidation the same as memory reconsolidation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after the initial acquisition |
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Term
| 2 specific processes of consolidation |
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Definition
1. synaptic consolidation (occurs within the first few hours after learning)
2. system consolidation (where hippocampal-dependent memories become independent of the hippocampus over the period of weeks to years) |
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Term
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Definition
| where previously made memories can become liable again through reactivation of the memory trace |
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Term
| Who said "the interval of a single night will greatly increase the strength of a memory"? |
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Definition
| Marcus Fabius Quntilianus |
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Term
| The process of _____ was proposed based on clinical data demonstrated in 1882 by Riot's Law of Regression |
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Definition
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Term
| LTP, one of the best understood forms of synaptic plasticity, is thought to be a possible underlying process in _____ consolidation |
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Definition
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Term
| standard model of synaptic consolidation |
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Definition
| alterations of synaptic protein synthesis & changes in membrane potential are achieved through activating intracellular transduction cascades |
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Term
| The molecular cascades talked about in the standard model of synaptic consolidation trigger transcription factors that lead to changes in ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| In a short-term time frame immediately following learning, are the molecular cascade, expression & process of both transcription factors & immediate early genes susceptible to disruption? |
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Definition
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Term
| As soon as _____ hours after training, memories become impervious to interferences that disrupt synaptic consolidation & the formation of long-term memory |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ synthesis has been attributed as important to the formation of new memories |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the result of administering protein synthesis inhibitors immediately after learning? |
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Definition
| weakened memory (suggesting protein synthesis is necessary for memory consolidation) |
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Term
| ______ consolidation is the slower form of memory consolidation |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| a reorganization process in which memories in the hippocampal region where memories are first encoded are moved to the neo-cortex to a more permanent form of storage |
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Term
| What is the time frame difference between system & synaptic consolidation? |
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Definition
system = can take from one to two decades
synaptic = only takes minutes to hours |
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Term
| standard model of systems consolidation (Squire & Alvarez) |
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Definition
| when novel information is originally encoded & registered, memory of this new stimuli becomes retained in both the hippocampus & cortical regions |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of previously consolidated memories being recalled & actively consolidated |
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Term
| How does retrieval affect memory stability? |
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Definition
| the retrieval of a memory trace can cause another liable phase that then requires an active process to make the memory stable after retrieval is complete |
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Term
| Is post-retrieval stabilization the same process as consolidation? |
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Definition
| no! (despite the overlapping functions) |
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Term
| What was the result of the Pavlovian fear conditioning consolidation experiments on rats? |
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Definition
| a consolidated fear memory can return to a liable state, with immediate amygdala infusions of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, but not infusions made six hours afterwards; it was concluded that consolidated fear memory, when reactivated, enters a changeable state that requires de novo protein synthesis for new consolidation or reconsolidation of the old memory |
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