Term
| What are the 4 manners in which an anitmicrobial may inhibit growth of or destroy microorganisms? |
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Definition
| 1. inhibiting cell wall synthesis. 2. Altering Cell Wall Permeability. 3. Inhibiting protein and/or DNA/RNA synthesis. 4. Inhibiting Cellular Metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infections that are received from the hospital environment or personnel. |
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Term
| What is the first line of defense againts infections? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the second line of defense against infections? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the third line of defense against infections? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two methods of pharamcological management of infections? |
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Definition
| 1. Immunizations 2. Antimicrobial therapy. |
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Term
| What are the basic principles of Antimicrobial Therapy? |
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Definition
| Need to culture the organism. Use most effective drug(narrow spectrum). Use the least expensive drug. Use the drug that is least harmful to the patient. Use for an appropriate amount of time. |
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Term
| What are the most common ADRs of Antimicrobials? |
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Definition
| GI upset (5-10%), Hypersensitivity, Photosensitivity, Super Infections |
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Term
| What are some of the contributing factors to super infections? |
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Definition
| Inappropriate use for viral infections. Unnecessary use of broad-spectrum agents. Pressure from patients. Incrase use of invasive devices and procedures. Increase use of antibiotics in animals. Decrease research by drug companies. Not taking all of the treatment. |
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Term
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphyllococcus Aureus |
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Definition
| 15% small hospitals, 38% large hospitals. Transmitted by contact, hospital personnel are primary carriers. |
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Term
| Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) infection |
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Definition
| contact transmission, normail in the GI-tract becomes opportunistic in immunosuppressed patients and in patients with intra-abdominal or cardiothoracic surgeries. |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that is normally found in the gut. Kills healthy flora, when proliferates can cause horrible diarhhea in it's mild form. In it's worst form it becomes life threatening. It is passed through contact, and found in the feces. most common in hospital or long term care. |
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Term
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Definition
| normal bacteria, or yeast that helps maintain normal flora in the gut. |
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Term
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Definition
| for systemic infections, amny are opportunisitc due to: HIV, Chemotherapy. For superficial infections: skin, vagina, oral (thrush) |
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Term
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Definition
| limited number, because each antiviral is only effective against one virus(NOT broad spectrum). |
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Term
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Definition
| genital herpes, chicken pox, shingles, |
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Term
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Definition
| This enzyme degrades GLP-1. By inhibiting DPP-1, this will allow GLP-1 to hang around longer. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a peptiede made by the GI system and an increase in blood glucose stimulates the release of this. It stimulates the release of insulin from the pancrease. And inhibits the release of glucagon. |
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Term
| What are three contributing physiological factors that contribute to type II diabetes? |
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Definition
| Not enough cellular receptors, Low cell senstivity, decreased circulating insulin levels. |
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Term
| What are some of the symptoms of Hyperglycemia? |
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Definition
| Slow onset, polyuria, thrist; dry, red, flushed face. |
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Term
| What are some of the characteristics of Hypoglycemia? |
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Definition
| sudden onset; clammy, moist, cold skin. mental confusion, behavioral change, coma. Thready, pale, respirations. |
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Term
| What are some of the damaging effects of hyperglycemia? |
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Definition
| poor peripheral circulation, damage to capillaries, possibly resulting in amputations, kidney failure/damage, brain, lungs, retinopathy, neuropathy |
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Term
| What are 4 important elements of the management of Hyperglycemia? |
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Definition
| 1. Early Dx. 2. tight glucose conrol/monitoring 3. Aggresive Multi-modal approach 4. Drugs |
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Term
| What are the three components of the aggressive multi-modal approach to treating hyperglycemia? |
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Definition
| Medication, Diet, Exercise. |
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Term
| What are the pharmacokinetics of Insulin? |
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Definition
| Needs to be injected to move through the body and cannnot be taken orally. |
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Term
| What is the most commona ADR of insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the most common ADRs of oral hyperglycemic drugs? |
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Definition
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