Term
| T/F. Malignant neoplasms are the second highest cause of death in the world? |
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Definition
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Term
| Highest cancer incidenc in males |
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Definition
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Term
| Highest Cancer incidence in female |
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Definition
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Term
| Highhest cancer death in males & females |
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Definition
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Term
| What lifestyle factors influence the incidence of cancer |
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Definition
| smoking, alcohol, high fat diet, inactivity & overweight/obesity |
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Term
| Asbestos influence on neoplasms |
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Definition
| naturally occuring silicate mineral with long, thin firbrous crystals. inhalation causes mesothelioma. malignant tumor occurring in linings of internal organs, pleura peritoneum, pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
| used in the nuclear power plant; lung cancer is possible result of prolonged exposure to bereyllium laden dust |
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Term
| Soot influences on cancer |
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Definition
| called carbon black, which is a dark powdery deposit of unburned fuel residues; harmful to lungs. |
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Term
| Risk Factors of Cancer based on sex |
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Definition
| prostate most common malignancy in males; breast cancer in females. lung cancer is leading cause of cancer death in both sexes. |
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Term
| T/F There is likely a genetic predisposition to the development of cancers. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of neoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| new groth, which typically is "uncontrolled" new growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| literally, a swelling of any kind, but most often refers to a neoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| localized not to spread to other tissues. NOT potentially fatal |
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Term
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Definition
| can invade and destroy adjacent tissues, spread to a distant site (metastasis). potentially fatal |
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Term
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Definition
| any kind of malignant neoplasm |
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Term
| The suffix -oma to a particular cell type refers to what kind of a tumor? |
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Definition
| Benign tumor. eg.) Fibrous tissue: Fibroma, Cartilaginous tissue: Chondroma; |
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Term
| What are the exceptions to the -oma suffix rule? |
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Definition
| Melanoma, leukemia, lymphoma; These tumors are malignant. |
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Term
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Definition
| benign epithelial tumor arising in epithelium of mucosa (stomach, small intestine and bowel), glgands (endocrine and exocrine) and ducts: gastric, bronchial, renal tubular, liver cell, thyroid, adrenal, pituitary. |
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Term
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Definition
| adenoma that grows upward into the lumen of hollow organs (GI tract) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a benign epithelial tumor, which produces microscopic or macroscopic in finger-like fronds. |
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Term
| What kind of tumor arises from tumors that end in the suffix -sarcoma |
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Definition
| malignant tumors of mesenchymal cells. tissues from mesenchyme: bone, cartilage, muscle, firbous tissue, adipocytes. |
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Term
| Rhabdomyosarcoma tissue of origin |
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Definition
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Term
| Leiomyosarcoma tissue of origin |
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Definition
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Term
| Liposarcoma tissue of origin |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cells called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| originates from epithhelial lining of gland ducts. |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor cells of epithelium that show squamous cell differentiation. can occur from: skin, mouth, esophagus, prostate, lungs, and cervix, squamous cell carcinoma of skin cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Benign tumor of blood vessels |
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Term
| Transitional Cell Carcinoma |
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Definition
| Urinary tract epithelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| benign tumor of mealnocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Malignant tumor of melanocytes |
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Term
| What are the 4 characteristics for evaluating neoplasms? |
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Definition
| differentiation, rate of growth, local invasion, metastasis |
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Term
| T/F. Benign tumors are well-differentiated. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does well-differentiated mean in regards to tumors? |
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Definition
| means that the neoplastic tissue looks almost like normal tissue. |
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Term
| What kind of tumor is typically "poorly-differentiated"? |
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Definition
| Malignant tumors are usually poorly differentiated. |
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Term
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Definition
| meaning "to form backward"; indicates undifferentiated or de-differntiated tumor cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| "to form backward" indicates undifferentiated or de-differentiated tumor cells. anaplastic nuclei are variable & bizzare in size and shape. mitoses are often numerous and distinctly atypical. common in malignant tumors. |
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Term
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Definition
| disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation of cells. loss of uniformity of individual cells and loss of architectural orientation. not necessarily progress to cancer. |
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Term
| T/F. Dysplasia is a condition of cell architecture that typically implies that the cell will progress to cancer. |
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Definition
| False. It is a disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation of cells. A loss of uniformity of individual cells and loss of architectural orientation. |
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Term
| T/F Genetic damage is cause of all carcinogenesis. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| normal genes, which encode proteins that regulate cell growth and differentiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| growth-inhibibting cancer suppressor genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| mutant/damaged protooncogenes. transforming normal cell to cancerous cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| examples of oncogenes that have a point mutation/deletion/insertion. These genes cause breast and ovarian cancer. |
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Term
| Tumor Suppressor genes mutation. |
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Definition
| encoding proteins that are anti-mitogenic, they retard cell division. if mutated, will lose inhibitory functino for cell growth, resulting in unlimited cell growth. |
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Term
| Adenomatous Polypsis Coli is an example of a defect in what kind of gene? |
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Definition
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Term
| Xeroderma Pigmentosum is a caused by a defect in what kind of a gene? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. characterized by dry , pigmented skin, photosensitivity, premature skin aging, and malignant tumor development due to a cellular hypersensitivity to ultraviolet radiation resulting from a defect in DNA repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to development of secondary implants in remote tissues. |
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Term
| T/F Benign tumors typically remain localized, encapsulated and separated from the host tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the development of secondary implants in remote tissues. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of malignant tumors? |
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Definition
| progressive infiltration, invasion, destruction, penetration of the surrounding tissues, metastasis. |
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Term
| T/F. The more anaplastic and the larger the primary neoplasm, the less likely it has the nature of metastatic spread. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. Carcinomas typically metastasize through lymphatic spread. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| favored pathway for sarcomas. numerous interconnections between the vascular and lymphatic systems. veins more easily penetrated by the tumors than arteries. liver and lungs are most frequently involved secondary sites. |
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Term
| T/F. Cancer cells do not respond to growth factors. |
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Definition
| False. Cancer cells synthesize growth factors to which they are responsive. |
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Term
| Examples of growth factors that cancer cells respond to |
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Definition
| PDGF, Transforming Growth Factor-a, fibroblast growth factor. |
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Term
| What is the effect of overexpression of mutated & pathological growth factor receptors by oncogenes? |
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Definition
| Sending continuous mitogenic signals |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal cell: GTPase-activating proteins activate GTPase which hydrolyzes GTP to GDP, inactivating RAS. This is inhibited in RAS leaving it active and activating RAF-MAP kinase mitogenic pathway. |
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Term
| Six hallmarks of cancer cells |
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Definition
| self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential(overcoming aging), sustained angiogenesis, ability to invade and metastasize. |
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Term
| Genes that regulate the phosphorylation of pRB which influence cell proliferation |
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Definition
| mutational activatino of cyclin D or CDK4. muational inactivatino of CDKIs |
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Term
| T/F. 30% of human tumors have a defect in the P53 gene. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tumor suppressor gene. antiproliferative effects and regulates apoptosis. induces related target cell to arrest cell in G1 and repair DNA damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| tyrosine kinase, chronic & acute myeloid leukiemia. Gene is translocated from chromosome 9 to 22. BCR-ABL hybrid gene produce potent tyrosine kinase activity. Activate RAS-RAF cascade. Inhibits apoptotic function of ABL |
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Term
| MYC (transcription factor) |
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Definition
| bind to DNA causing transcriptional activation of several growth-related genes. CDK (cyclin-dependent-kinase) |
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Term
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Definition
| family of proteins invovlved in the progeression of cells thorugh the cell cycle. |
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Term
| Progression of a cell from G1 phase to S phase is guarded by what protein? |
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Definition
| pRB. this is regulated by CDKs which are regulatedf by CDKI(inhibitors). |
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Term
| What elements help a cancer cell evade apoptosis? |
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Definition
| reduced level of Fas (CD95). overespressino of antiapoptotic BCL2 protein, which prevents release of cytochrome C. reduced level of pro-apoptotic BAX. loss of APAF-1. |
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Term
| What causes the limited replication potential (60-70x) of normal cells? |
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Definition
| Progressive shortening of telomeres. In cancer cells telomerase which synthesizes telomeres is upregulated preventing telomeres from being shortened. |
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Term
| Examples of Angiogenic Factors |
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Definition
| Vacular Endothelial Growth Factor(VEGF), Hypoxia-induced factor-1a which stimulates VEGF |
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Term
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Definition
| P53 gene promotes antiangiogenic factors, thrombospondin-1, angiostatin, endostatin, vasculostatin. |
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Term
| Detachment of tumor cells from each other |
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Definition
| E-adhereins are lost in most epithelial cancers. results in cells that are no longer connected together. |
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Term
| Attachment of tumor cells to matrix component |
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Definition
| carcinoma cells overexpressed receptors for ECM proteins: laminin and fibronectin |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor cells secrete proteolytic enzymes or induce the host cells to overexpress proteolyticenzymes such as metalloproteinases, reductino of metalloproteinase inhibitors. |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor cell-derived cytokines such as autocrine motility factors. IGF-I & II, serve as chemotactic molecules for tumor cells to migrate. |
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Term
| How do tumor cells protect themselves during metastasis |
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Definition
| By aggregating and adhering to platelets and then eventually move out into other organs for metastasis. |
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Term
| Alkylating Agents are examples of what kind of chemical carcinogen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic conversion necessary to become carcinogenic. |
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Term
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are what kind of chemical carcinogen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extensive exposure to UV light causes skin cancers: melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma. |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with Burkitt lymphoma, which is a type of B-cell lymphoma. |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with benign squamous papillomas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumor, Node, Metastases; Stage I,II,III,IV. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unexplained Weight loss, fevere, fatigue, pain, skin changes. |
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Term
| Signs/Symptoms of Colon Cancer |
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Definition
| chronic constipation, diarrhea, change in size of stool |
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Term
| Pain with urination, blood in urine or change in bladder function is related to what kinds of cancer |
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Definition
| Prostate, or bladder cancer. |
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Term
| What is a specific sign of lung cancer |
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Definition
| blood in the sputum may be a sign of lung cancer. |
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Term
| What are the signs/symptoms of cervix, or endometrium |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a sign/symptom of breast cancer |
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Definition
| bloody discharge from nipple, lump or thickening. |
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Term
| What is a sign of cancer of larynx |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 possible treatments of cancer |
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Definition
| surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of a tumor when it is confined to one area, considered primary treatment of cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| done if removing tumor entirely would cause too much damage to an organ or surroundin tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| treat complications of advanced disease to control pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| to restore a person's appearance or function of an organ or the body part after primary surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| high energy photons, electron beams, protons, neutrons. used for local Tx not useful for cncer that has already spread. can cure or shrink early stage cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| used for cancer that metastasized to a distant site. 3 possible goals: cure:getting rid of cancer, control: preventing growing and spreading; palliation: relieving symptomms. |
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Term
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Definition
| to shrink a large tumor before surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| to prevent the growth of stray cancer cells remaining in the body after surgery or radiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to stimulate immune system to reject & destroy tumors. |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer-associated antigen along with other components to stimulate the immune response against antigen. still experimental to find better antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| use cancer cells removed during surgery. cnacer cells are killed and used for stimulation of a specific immune system response after injecting it into a pt. still in clinical trials. |
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