Term
| Factors that alter the body's resistance to infection |
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Definition
| Protein-calorie malnutrition, preexisting diseases, mental stress, regular physical exercise, sleep deprivation, genetic defects in producing cells immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| describes immune reponses which are damagin rather than helpful to the host. |
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Term
| What causes hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| abnormal immune response to exogenous or dogenous antigens. |
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Term
| 4 major groups of hypersensitivity diseases |
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Definition
| Immediate Hypersensitivity (type1), Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity(type2),Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity (Type III), T-cell-mediated hypersensitivity (type IV) |
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Term
| Type I hypersensitivity exposures |
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Definition
| ingestion- GI and systemic responses, inhalation - responses at the level of the lung, injection - systemic response. direct contact - local response at skin |
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Term
| What are the immediate response mediators of mast cells? |
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Definition
| Histamines, Prostaglandin, Leukotrienes |
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Term
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Definition
| vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, smooth muscle spasm, mucus secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| intense broncospasm, mucus secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| vasoconstriction, increase vascular permeability, smooth muscle spasm |
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Term
| Late phase response of mast cells |
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Definition
| (2-8 hrs)inflammation and tissue destruction occur wi/ accumulation of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes & lymphocytes attracted by cytokines (TNF, chemokines) & leukotriene B4, eotaxin. |
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Term
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Definition
| major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, which are toxic epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to severe allergic reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| nasal itching & sneezing, conjunctivitis. type of anaphylaxis |
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Term
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Definition
| broncoconstriction caused by leukotrienes & prostaglandins w/ coughin and wheezing |
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Term
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Definition
| allergic reaction on skin |
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Term
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Definition
| allergic reaction in GI with ingestion |
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Term
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Definition
| allergic reaqction in GI with ingestion |
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Term
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Definition
| systemic anaphylaxis may occur with systemic administration of antigens. massive release of histamine & ohter vasoactive substances. choking, wheezing, SOB, due to bronchospasm and mucus secreetion. circulatory collapse w/ drop in BP due to vasodilation and blood fluid leakage into interstitial space. |
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Term
| Treatment of Systemic Anaphylaxis |
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Definition
| administration of epinephrine, which causes vasoconstriction & increase in Heart rate |
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Term
| Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| antibody interacts with antigen on surface of cells or other tissue components. |
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Term
| 3 things that antibodies cause |
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Definition
| opsonizing cells w/ or w/o the help of complement system and facilitating phagocytosis. 2. Inflammation by activating complement system, which recruit neutrophils and monocytes. the products of complements (C5a, C3a, C3b) may lyse cells or facilitate phagocytosis. 3. Cellular dysfunction by antibody's blocking receptors or stimulating receptors. |
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Term
| Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity (type III) |
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Definition
| type III hypersensitivity is mediated by the deposition of Ag-Ab complexes, followed by complement activation and accumulation of PolyMorphonuclear leukocyte |
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Term
| Examples of type III immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| blood vessels- vasculitis. Renal glgomeruli -- glomerulonephritis. Joints--arthritis. Localized area of tissues such as under the skin -- arthus reaction |
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Term
| T-cell mediated hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| Type IV is mediated by specifically sensitized T cells rather than by Ab. Two examples are delayed-type hypersensitivity. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity |
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Term
| Delayed hypersensitivity (type IV) |
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Definition
| tuberculin reaction (TB test): local erythema (redness) and induration, reaching to peak at 48-72 hrs after injection of antigen (tubercle bacilus). Intracutaneous injection of tuberculin causes accumulation of CD4+ helper T cells & macrophages. Subsequent secretion of cytokines from these cells causesa dermal edema through increased permeability of microvessels and fibrinn deposition. |
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Term
| IFN-gamma from CD4+ T cell |
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Definition
| activates macrophages and which perform phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| proliferation of CD4+ cells |
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Term
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Definition
| from macrophages, activating fibroblasts and deposition of fibrin |
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Term
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Definition
| acting on endothelial cells, increased secretion of nitric oxide & prostacyclin, local vasodilation, increased blood flow, recruiting more leukocytes & lymphocytes. |
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Term
| T-cell mediated cytotoxicity (type IV) |
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Definition
| CD8+ T cells kill antigen-bearing target cells, binding of CD8+ T cells with antigen from APC displayying class I MHC, perforin binding on the membrane of the target cells, entry of granzyme(protease). activating caspase. inducing apoptosis |
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Term
| Examples of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity |
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Definition
| rejectionof solid-organ transplants, B-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes. |
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Term
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Definition
| a patient serving as both donor and recipient |
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Term
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Definition
| transplantation b/n genetically identical individuals of the same species. ex.) monozygotic twins |
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Term
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Definition
| transplantation b/n individuals of the same species who are not genetically identical |
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Term
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Definition
| transplantation b/n different species, i.e., between monkeys and humans. |
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Term
| Transplantation Rejection |
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Definition
| process by which the immune system of the recipient of a transplant attacks the transplanted organ or tissue. |
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Term
| T/F. Transplant rejection only occcurs through humoral immunity |
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Definition
| False. Transplant rejection can occur through both T cell mediated or antibody mediated methods. |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperacute rejection occurs within minutes after transplantation. pre-existing antibodies in recipient. transplant must immediately be removed to prevent a severe systemic inflammatory response. Prescreening antibodies against MHC & cross-matching against donor's lymphjocytes reduces incidence |
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Term
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Definition
| generally occurs around 5-10 days after a transplant. is antibody-mediated and it can destroy the transplasnt if it is not recognized and treated appropriately. Occurs around 60-75% of first kidney transplants, and 50-60% liver transplants. |
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Term
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Definition
| describes all long term loss of function in organ transplants over a period of several months and years. characterized byb vasculopathy, interstitial fibrosis and progressive loss of organ function. vascular occlusion may occur as a result of smooth muscle cell proliferation in the intima of arterial walls. |
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Term
| T/F chronic rejection usually responds to standard immunosuppressants. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Immunologically competent cells are transplanted into reipients who are immunologically compromised. Common in bone marrow transplants. T cells from donor recognize the reipient as foreign and react |
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Term
| Methods of improving graft survival |
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Definition
| mathcing MHC b/n donor and recipient. immunosuppressant drugs-->cyclosporine & FK506, designed to inhibit transcription of the gene for Il-2. |
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Term
| What is the problem with using immunosuppressant drugs in improving graft survival? |
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Definition
| increased risk of infections & development of canceres, toxic side effects, must be used continuously to prevent rejection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rh- woman who has a Rh+ fetus. antibody against Rh antigen may develop. -after amniocentesis,during miscarriage or abortion, during an ectopic pregnancy, bleeding heavily durin pregnancy. If antibody formed, will cross placenta and damage Rh+ baby. |
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Term
| Will Rh incompatibility occur in first of second pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prevention of formation of antibodies |
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Definition
| Rh immunoglobulin will e injected into a woman 28 weeks in pregnancy or 72 hrs. after a birth to preven development of antibodies against Rh antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| has antibodies that destory Rh antigen, preventing sensitization. |
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Term
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
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Definition
| autoimmune disease with the production of antibodies against own tissues. derengement of immune sytem: T & B cells failure to maintain self-tolerance. |
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Term
| What regions does systemic lupus erythematosus affect? |
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Definition
| multisystems & is the disease of diverse manifestation. affects skin,kidneys, serosal membrane,joints & heart. |
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Term
| T/F An array of antibodies are present, including antinuclear antibbodies against DNA, RNA & proteins in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can antigen-antibody complexes deposit during systemic lupus erythematosus? |
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Definition
| glomerular basement membrane, synovial membrane of the joints, endocardium of the heart valves. |
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Term
| What causes Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
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Definition
| Strong genetic factors: 25% concrodance in monozygotic twins vs. 1-3% in dizygotic twins. Environmental factors: receiving certain drugs, procainamide for a certain period. |
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Term
| T/F SLE is very unpredictable and remission and relapsing occurr over several decades. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the signs of SLE |
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Definition
| malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivityk: rash as a result of sunlight, oral ulcers, arthritis, serositis: pleuritis, pericarditis, renal disorder: persistent protinuria, neurological disorder: seizures, psychosis, hematolgoic disorder: hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, antinuclear antibody: against DNA, RNA, & nuclear proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA |
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Term
| Acute Phase HIV 3-6 weeks |
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Definition
| flu-like symptoms: sore throat, myalgia, fever, rash. high level off virus production: viremia, wide dessemination of virus, reduction of CD4+ T cells. |
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Term
| Acute Phase of HIV infection 3-17 weeks |
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Definition
| immune response s/ the development of antibody, development of virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, reduction of plasma virus, virus replication continues in macrophages and CD4+ T cells, CD4+ T cells nearly to normal level |
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Term
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Definition
| continued virus repliccation, largely asymptomatic, lymphadenopathy, loss of CD4+ T cells, combinnation of the reductino of CD4+ T cells and replication of viruscause immune system decompensation, may last 7-10 years before onset of crisis phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of immune system. increase in viremia. 1-month of fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, CD4+ t cells < 500 cells/ ul, serious opportunistic infections.(80% of deaths). Secondary neoplasm. neurological manifestations: encephalopathy. peripheral neuropathy. |
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Term
| Progressive Encephalopathy |
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Definition
| loss of memory and cognitive ability, inability to concentrate lethargy, and progressive loss of consciousness. |
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Term
| What is the primary cause of death with AIDS? |
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Definition
| Serious Opportunistic infections. Accounts for 80% of deaths with AIDS |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual contact, infected blood transfusion, sharing of contaminated needles & seringes. mother to child. |
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Term
| Ways that AIDS can be transmitted mother-child |
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Definition
| major cause of pediatric AIDS, transplacental transmission, intrapartum transmission, feedingg breast milk |
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Term
| Ways AIDS is NOT transmitted |
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Definition
| Insect/Animal bites, touching, hugging or shaking hands, eating food prepared by someone with HIV, toilet seats. |
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Term
| What can done to slow down the progression of AIDS? |
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Definition
| Antiretroviral medication slows down the progression from HIV to AIDS. |
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Term
| Antiretroviral Medications |
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Definition
| Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Protease Inhibitors, Fusion Inhibitors, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy |
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Term
| Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ritonavir, saquinivir, indinavir |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| highly active antiretroviral therapy |
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Definition
| combination of multiple drugs to attack HIV resistant to any single drug. |
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Term
| Side effects of antiretroviral medication with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
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Definition
| reduction in RBC, WBC, inflammation of the pancreas, nerve damage |
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Term
| Side effects of protease inhibitors during AIDS treatment |
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Definition
| nausea, diarrhea, GI symptoms |
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Term
| Fusion inhibitor side effects during HIV treatment |
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Definition
severe allergic reactions: SOB, chills, fever, skin rash, vomiting &
BP drop |
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Term
| Is exercise recommened for HIV/AIDS patients? |
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Definition
| yes. positive effect. fitness level (VO2 max), muscle strength, no adverse effect on CD4+ count, reduction of fatigue, improved depression, improved quality of life, improved anxiety, positive well-being |
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Term
| What druge may induce Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
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Definition
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