Term
|
Definition
| Protects against foreign substanes or cells without having to recognize their specific identities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It depends on specific recognition of teh substance or cell to be attacked by lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| T/F.Innate immunity is mediated by cells and proteins that are always present and called into action upon infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major Components of Innate Immunity |
|
Definition
| Epithelial barriers of the skin, epithelial barriers of the GI tract, epithelial barriers of teh respiratory tract, phagocytic leukocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, circulating plasma proteins called complement system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responds to infection by becoming active and expanding and generatign power mechanisms. Major component: lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
| Two types of adaptive immune response |
|
Definition
| Humoreal immunity, Cell-mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Through antibodies produced from B lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediated by T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Two methods of destruction by microbes |
|
Definition
| Bacteria can damage tissue at sites of bacterial replication. Toxins released by bacteria can enter circulation and disrupt function of a certain organ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, a protein-sugar molecule. gives thte cell its shape and surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of phospholipids and proteins, caled cytoplasmic membraen, encloses the interior of the bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps attachment to other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protective covering; not presenet in some bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nucleic acids surrounded by protein coat. no enzymes,or ribosomes. Must exist in other cells to free load their biomechanical apparatus in order to replicate. |
|
|
Term
| Cells of the immune system |
|
Definition
| Macrophages, Natural Killer cells, Dendritic Cells, Complement, Lymphocyte, cytokines |
|
|
Term
| Major Histocompatibility Complex |
|
Definition
| set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and "antigen presentation" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found on virtually every cell in the human body. Present to cytotoxic T-cells. Endogenous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are only found on B-cells, macrophages and other "antigen-presenting cells". Present antigen to helper T-cells. Exogenous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagocytoses antigens, especially antigens coated by antibodiesd or complement proteins. Expresses class II MHC and serves as APC to CD4+ cells. Produces cytokines that activate lymphocytes or inflammatory action. |
|
|
Term
| Cytokines produced by macrophage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Percentage that Natural Killer cells account for peripheral blood lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Natural Killer Cells part of the innate or acquired immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Natural Killer cells are incapable of lysing a cell without having at least some previous sensitization |
|
Definition
| False. They are part of innate immune system and do no require previous sensitization |
|
|
Term
| Activating Receptor on NK cells |
|
Definition
| recognizes molecules on target cells |
|
|
Term
| Killer inhibitor receptor on NK cells |
|
Definition
| inhibits NK cytolysis by recognition of MHC I expression on target |
|
|
Term
| What cell expresses CD16 molecules and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| serves as a receptor for Fc receptor for IgG to attack antigen bound to IgG. Natural Killer cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Main Function is to process antigen material and present it to other cells of the immune system thus functioning as APC |
|
|
Term
| Interdigitating Dendritic Cells |
|
Definition
| present in the epidermis, lymphoid tissues, and in the interstitum of nonlymphoid organs such as heart & lungs. Express high levels of class II MHC ideally suited for presenting antigens to CD4+ |
|
|
Term
| Follicular Dendritic Cells |
|
Definition
| located in lymphoid follicles in the spleen and lymph nodes. Bind to antibodies via Fc receptors for IgG, resulting in trapping antigen bound to anntibodies. Present antigens to activated B lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
| Are complements blood or serum proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells produce complements? |
|
Definition
| Macrophages & Hepatocytes which produce them initially as inactive molecules in circulation |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Complements are antigen specific and are activated only in the presence of antibodies. |
|
Definition
| False. Complements are not antigen specific and are activated immediately in the presence of pathogens(innate) or activated by antibodies(humoral immunity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate inflammation, facilitate antigen phagocytosis and lyse some cells directly. |
|
|
Term
| Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) |
|
Definition
| formed at the end of activation of complement cascades to destroy lipid membrane of bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| Which complement proteins are responsible for chemotaxis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which complement protein is responsible for enhancement of phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enhances phagocytosis. Makes the antigens "tastier" for the phagocytes. |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Vasoconstriction and increased permeability to proteins occurs as a result of the complement system? |
|
Definition
| False. Vasodilation occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any foreign substances that induce immune response. ex) protein coats of viruses, foreign proteins on foreign cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells, toxins |
|
|
Term
| 3 stages of immune response |
|
Definition
| Recognition, Activation of lymphocytes, attacking on all antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymphocyte binds with antigen, each lymphocyte specific for just one type of antigen. Progeny of this lymphocyte are clones. |
|
|
Term
| What is the number of distinct antigen receptors present in the lymphocyte population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upon binind with antigen, lymphocyte divides many times called clonal expansion. some activated lymphocytes serve as effector lymphocytes. some serve as memory cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| launch an attack on all antigens of the kind that initiated the immune response. Upone successful mission, lymphocytes die through apoptosis. Memory cells however persist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide mature lymphocytes, bone marrow, thymus |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Lymphoid Organs |
|
Definition
| stores lymphocytes that are to be activated to participate immune responses. Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, GI, respiratory, genital, urinary tracts. Mature lymphocytes undergo additional cell divisions to produce more lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Both B-cells and T-Cells are produced from the stem cells inthe bone marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce antibodies against antigens and constitue humoral immunity |
|
|
Term
| Where are T-cells sensitized and what kind of immunity do they participate in? |
|
Definition
| They are sensitized at the they thymus and participate in cellular immunity. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of circulating lymphocytes do T-cells represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up a T-cell receptor? |
|
Definition
| alpha and Beta chains, which recognize and bind to antigens. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of MHC does CD4 bind to? |
|
Definition
| MHC class II, expressed on 60% of mature T cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T cell coreceptor that binds to MHC class II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T cell coreceptor that binds class I MHC and is expressed on 30% of mature T cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helper T cell & secretes cytokines, which activate B-cells and cytotoxic T cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is cytotoxic T cell; role in directly killing virus-infected or tumor cells |
|
|
Term
| What percentage do B-cells represent of the circulating T-cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are B-cells activated by CD4+ cells or CD8+ cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an activated B-cell become? |
|
Definition
| Plasma cell which produces antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of Antibodies from highest concentration to least? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. B-Cell Receptors will recognize all antigens that it contacts. |
|
Definition
| False. BCR will recognize antigen with unique antigen specificity |
|
|
Term
| How do antibodies (Abs) inactivate antigens? |
|
Definition
| neutralizing microbes, oopsonizing microbes and facilitating phagocytosis, facilitating microbes being destroyed by NK cells, activating complements, which then destroy microbes. |
|
|
Term
| What are requirements for presenting antigens to a helper T cells? |
|
Definition
| Class II MHC: Macrophages, B cells, Dendritic Cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the requirements for presenting antigens to Cytotoxic Cells? |
|
Definition
| require class I MHC. Thus any cell can present to cytotoxic cells. Endogenous antigens from virus infected cells, cancer cells, attacked by cytotoxic T cells |
|
|
Term
| Activation of helper T cells |
|
Definition
| Presentation of antigen bound to APC expressing class II MHC. |
|
|
Term
| Which is higher in antibody production: first exposure to antigen or second exposure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct transusion of antibody from one person to another between ie)mother and child |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 ways cytokines induce effects? |
|
Definition
| Autocrine effect: act on cells from which a cytokine is produced. Paracrine: act on other cells in vicinity. Endocrine: systematic effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single cytokine can act on many cell types. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different cytokines can produce siilar effects |
|
|
Term
| What are the cytokines that mediate innate immunity? |
|
Definition
| Il-1, Il-12, TNF : mostly produced by activated Macrophages & Dendritic Cells |
|
|
Term
| Cytokines that regulate lymphocyte growth, activation and differentiation |
|
Definition
| IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). most of these are produced by helper T cells |
|
|
