Term
| What do you remove from the whole blood to create plasma? |
|
Definition
| RBC, leukocytes, platelets. |
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|
Term
| What is removed from plasma to create serum? |
|
Definition
| Fibrinogen and other clotting factors. |
|
|
Term
| Plasma volume of total blood |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Erythrocyte (hematocrit) percentage of total blood. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the production of blood cells. |
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Term
| What regions of the body produce blood cells |
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Definition
| bone of chest, base of skull, & upper ends of humerus and femur. |
|
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Term
| Pluripotent Hematopoietic Cells |
|
Definition
| all blood cells are descendants from these cells. |
|
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Term
| Hematopoietic Growth Factors |
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Definition
| They stimulate proliferation and differentiation of various progenitor cells at multiple points. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Will differentiate only into lymphocyte |
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Term
|
Definition
| will differentate into all other cells except for lymphocyte. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood proteins in plasma or serum |
|
Definition
| Albumin (60%), Immunoglobins(37%), Fibrinogen(3%) |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte percent distribution |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils (50-70%), Eosinophils (1-4%), Basophils (<1%), Monocytes(2-8%), Lymphocytes(20-40%). |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures are RBCs lacking compared to normal cells |
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Definition
| They do not have mitochondria, nucleus, other organelles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Consists of a & B chains. Bound to the cell membrane by integral proteins called protein 3 & glycophorin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| major molecule in the red cell cytoplasm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 4 pyrrole rings = porphyrin ring |
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Term
|
Definition
| glycine + succinyl-CoA --> g-aminolebvulinic acid. |
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|
Term
| What enzyme catalyzes the formation of g-aminolebyvulinic acid |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What reaction does PBG synthase catalyze? |
|
Definition
| 2 g-aminolevulinate -ALA to porphobilinogen. |
|
|
Term
| What reaction occurs to directly form hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| protoporphyrin IX, Iron + globin -> hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| What reaction occurs to directly form hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| protoporphyrin IX, Iron + globin -> hemoglobin. |
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|
Term
| What enzymes are essential for DNA synthesis? |
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Definition
| VitB12 & Folic Acid. If they are not present the cell will become anemic. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 globin proteins |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Consequnces of abnormality of structure of globins |
|
Definition
| Compromised of O2 binding, susceptible to destruction, sickle hemoglobin (HbS). |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What state does iron need to be in to bind with O2 |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| If iron is in the ferric state, what form of hemoglobin is formed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Consequences of Methemglobin |
|
Definition
| Cannot bind with O2, Higher concedntration leads to cyanosis. |
|
|
Term
| How does NADH aid iron in the glycolytic pathway? |
|
Definition
| Helps Fe remain in the ferrous state. |
|
|
Term
| How does 2,3 diphosphoglycerate help with hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| produced through glycolytic pathway. reduces affinity of Fe for O2 and helps O2 delivery to O2-consuming tissue. Hypoxic condition leads to increased synthesis of 2,3 synthesis of 2,3-DPG. |
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|
Term
| What body structures remove aged RBC? |
|
Definition
| removed by macrophages in liver, spleen and bone marrows. |
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|
Term
| What protein carries Iron extracellularly? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein is billirubin broken down to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the casues of anemia? |
|
Definition
| blod less, increased destruction of RBC, decreased production of RBC. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pallor, weakness, dyspnea, tachycardia. |
|
|
Term
| What are methods of assessing anemia? |
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin, RBC number, RBC size, RBC color, RBC shape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| average volume of RBC expressed in femtoliters. indication of size of size of RBC |
|
|
Term
| Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH) |
|
Definition
| average content of Hb per RBC, expressed in picograms. indicatino of the color of RBC. |
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|
Term
| Mean Cell Hemoglobin concentration |
|
Definition
| average concentratino of Hb in a given volume of packed RBC. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Due to bone marrow failure: causes pancytopenia, anemia, leukopenia & thrombocytopenia. |
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|
Term
| What are the secondary causes of aplastic anemia? |
|
Definition
| High-dose radiation and chemotherapy Tx, exposure toxic chemicals, certain drugs, autoimmune disorders. |
|
|
Term
| What are s.s. of aplastic anemia? |
|
Definition
| uncontrolled infections, bleeding tendency, weakness, chronic fatigue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bone marrow transplantation for idiopathic cuases, withdrawal of toxic drugs. |
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|
Term
| What percent of total iron is stored in Hb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main storage sites for iron in the body? |
|
Definition
| liver, spleen, bone marrow, skeletal muscle. |
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|
Term
| How is iron used as an enzyme component in the body? |
|
Definition
| In cytochrome in the mitochondria. |
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|
Term
| Where is iron absorbed in the body? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary regulation of Fe? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Iron transporter on apical side? |
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Definition
| DMT1 (divalent metal transporter1), Heme transporter. |
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|
Term
| Iron transporters at basolateral side? |
|
Definition
| Ferroportin 1, Hephaestin. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Hepcidin: synthesized by the liver; negative effect on ferrosportin 1 |
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|
Term
| Consequences of Iron deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
| impeded heme synthesis, smaller RBC: microcytic RBC, Less Hb contained in RBC: hypochromic, more common in women than in men. |
|
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Term
| Causes of iron deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
| chronic blood loss: ulcer or menstruation, inadequate iron intake(rare), malabsorption wth GI diseases, celiac, increased demand of iron: pregnancy, infancy. |
|
|
Term
| Tx of iron deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
| increase iron intake or correct other causes. |
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Term
| Causes of Megaloblastic Anemia |
|
Definition
| caused by deficiency of Vit. B12 or folic acid. leads to ineffective erythropoiesis, incrased destructino of abnormally large RBC. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in megaloblastic Anemia? |
|
Definition
| nucleuses of megaloblasts do not grow and remain enlarged. |
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Term
| What is typical size of a megaloblast? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Vit B12 is not associated w/ neurological diseases due to demyelination of spinal cord. |
|
Definition
| False. Vit B12 is associated with spinal cord demyelination. |
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Term
| T/F. Folate is directly associated with neurological diseases. |
|
Definition
| False. Folate is NOT directly associated with neurological disorders. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to HbS when deoygenated? |
|
Definition
| undergoes polymerization and becomes susceptible to sequestration & hemolysis within spleen. microvascular obstruction and ischemic damage. |
|
|
Term
| Tx of Sickle Cell Anemia? |
|
Definition
| Hydroxyurea & butyrate, which increases HbF, are used to prevent sickling of HbS. |
|
|
Term
| What causes Sickle cell anemia |
|
Definition
| gene mutation on chain. Valine is substituted for glutamic acid at 6th position of the B-chain. |
|
|
Term
| What are the guidlines for exercising with Sickle Cells |
|
Definition
| constant hydration, avoid diuretic beverages, avoid strenuous exercise in hot and humid conditions, avoid high altitude exposure, avoid repeated high interval training w/ brief recovery. |
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Term
|
Definition
| hereditary disease (autosomal dominant), RBCs lack spectrin major structural protein in cell membrane, lack of cytoskeleton proteins, round up to form spheres instead of biconcave disks. less deformable and less adaptable to microcirculation. Susceptible to hemolysis in the spleen. |
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Term
| What is the treatment of spherocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic defect for synthesis of globin chains of HbA at a normal rate. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| defect in genes responsible forB chain synthesis. MCHC is low: hypochromic & microcytic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defect in genes responsible for a chain synthesis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| defect in genes responsible for "a" chain synthesis. less hemoglobin in RBC: hypochromic. |
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Term
| T/F. There is a cure for thalassemia? |
|
Definition
| False. There is no cure for thalassemia. |
|
|
Term
| Normocytic, normochromic anemia |
|
Definition
| normal cell size, and color. common after massive blood loss. |
|
|
Term
| Microcytic, hypochromic anemia |
|
Definition
| RBCs are small and pale, common with iron deficiency. |
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|
Term
| Macrocytic, normochrmoic anemia |
|
Definition
| RBCs are large but normal color, common with deficienc of vitamin B12 or folic acid. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| increased # of RBC > 5.5 millions/ ul (normal 5 millions/ ul); Hct > 55%. |
|
|
Term
| What is Polycythemia and possible causes? |
|
Definition
| Erythrocytosis; can be caused by reduced plasma volume(relative) or by increased total RBC mass (absolute) |
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Term
|
Definition
| (primary polycythemia) neoplastic disease of RBC precursors, hyperviscosity of blood, hypertension is present, bone marrow is hypercellular. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| due to elevated secretion of erythroppoietin, compensatory or reactive hyperplasia of RBC precursors, common in prolonged hypoxia (high altitude living), associated with lung or congenital heart disease. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduced WBC count 1000/ul or less. most common form is neutropenia. can be caused by inadequate granulopoiesis. |
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|
Term
| What is the treatment for leukopenia |
|
Definition
| antibiotics for short term leukopenia. |
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Term
| What are the two causes of leukopenia |
|
Definition
| inadequate granulopoiesis with bone marrow failure or chemotherapy agents. can be caused by accelerated removal or destruction of neutrophils with immune-mediated injury to neurtophils. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increased # of WBC> 10,000/ul due to common reactions with infectino or immune reaction. |
|
|
Term
| Which form of leukocytosis is associated with bacterial infection? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophilic Leukocytosis. |
|
|
Term
| This form of leukocytosis is associated with allergic reactions |
|
Definition
| Eosinophillic leukocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| w/ chronic infection ex.) tuberculosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| often associated with chronic immunologic stimulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Count of leukocytes rises significantly: monocytes and lymphocytes. Rise to 50-70% from 35%. Caused by Epstein-Barr virus. infects B-lymphocytes, producing reactive lymphocytosis of B cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fever, sore throat, enlarged lympho nodes, presence of antibody against EBV, splenomebgaly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rest and driniking plenty of H2O. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. pts with thrombocytopenia have normal prothrombin time and normal partial thromboblastin time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. There is a prolong bleeding time in pts with thrombocytopenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| production problem w/ bone marrow failure or injury: aplastic anemia, bone marrow infiltration w/ tumor, & post-bone marrow transplantation. Antibody-mediated destruction:Autoimmune disorders w/antibody-mediated destruction. Excesive consumption: conditions that cause disseminated intravascular coagulation such as infections, tumors. |
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|
Term
| T/F Thrombocytopenia commonly occurs with TBb because of the immune-mediated injury of platelets or HIV-mediated suppression of megakaryocytes. |
|
Definition
| False. All is true but occurs in association with AIDS. |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 neoplastic diseases of WBC |
|
Definition
| leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myelomas. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| means white blood. involves WBC precursors in the bone marros. there is an increased num ber of malignant WBCs in the periperal blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves lymphocytes and their precursors, and lymph nodes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is the malignant diseases of plasma cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized with rapid growth of immature blood cells, which makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells. if untreated, pt will die within weeks or months. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized with the excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, blood cells. typically takes months to years for the progress of teh dieseases. |
|
|
Term
| Acute lymphcytic leukemia common occurence |
|
Definition
| most common in children younger than 5 yrs old |
|
|
Term
| Acute mylogenous leukemia |
|
Definition
| it occurs inall ages, but more common in old ages. |
|
|
Term
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
|
Definition
| rare in young ages , but it rises progrssively with advancing ages. |
|
|
Term
| Chronic mylogenous leukemia |
|
Definition
| rarely occurs before adolescence. incidence increases with advancing ages. |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of leukemia |
|
Definition
| bone marros is infiltrated with malignant cells, peripheral blood contains immature blood cells, overwhelming infection is the most common cause of death. anemia, recurrent infections, & uncontrollable bleeding due to reduced production of normal RBC, WBC & platelets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accounts for 5% of all malignant human cancers. Cancer cells originate from lymph nodes in lmphatic system. |
|
|
Term
| Can a cancer be determined if it is lymphoma or leukemia if there are cancer cells found in both the lymph nodes and in the bone marrow. |
|
Definition
| False. It cannot be determined. |
|
|
Term
| Where do most of lymphoid neoplasms in western countries originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| localized to single axial group of nodes, i.e. cervical lymph nodes or mediastinal lymp nodes. orderly spread by contiguity, extranodal involvement uncommon, gian cells (Reed-Sternberg cells). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple peripheral node, noncontiguous spread, extranodal involvemtn common, no Reed-Sternberg cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is normal range for bleeding time after a sustained inury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tests the adequcy of the extrinsic and common coagulation pathway: 12-15 sec for normal. |
|
|
Term
| Partial Thromboplastin time |
|
Definition
| this tests the adequacy of the intrinsic and common coagulation pathway. over 39s are generally abnormal. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major events in hemostasis? |
|
Definition
| injyr causes vascular constriction-> platelets become activated by thrombin and aggregate at the site of injury -> fibrin -> fibrin mesh forms and entraps platelet plug -> the disoolution of the clot by plasmin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficiency of clotting facgtors. 70-80%. inherited & 20-30%^ spontaneous mutation. X-linked recessive trait. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficiency of VIII. more common than hemophilia B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bruised easily, uncontrollable bleeding w/ trauma or surgery. joint deformities are common due to repeated hemarhtrosis. PTT longer than normal. IX & VIII are intrinsic pathway. PT: normal IX &VIII are not involved in extrinsic pathway. |
|
|
Term
| Von Willerbrand Disease (vWD) |
|
Definition
| Von willerbrand factor is deficient. most common inherited bleeding disorder. deiciency of vWF causes defective platelet adhesion and leads to deficiency of VIII. type I vWD is most common and inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. |
|
|
Term
| What does vWF do for the body? |
|
Definition
| it stabillizes and carries VIII. causes adhesion of platelets via GpIb receptors on platelets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heparin binds and activates antithrombin II, which inhibits serine proteasse activity of clotting factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits coagulatino by inhibiting the formatino of active forms of vitamin Kdependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, X. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convert plasminogen to plasmin, which degrade fibrin. tPA & streptokinase. |
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