Term
1) hypothalamus releases TRH
2) the AP releases TSH
3) thyroid is stimulated to release T3/T4 |
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Definition
| describe the path of thyroid hormone release starting with hypothalamus stimulation |
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Term
| iodine (iodination of tyrosine must occur) |
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Definition
| what element is necessary for synthesis of the thyroid hormones? |
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Term
| retinoid X (it acts as a TF to open DNA for transcription) |
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Definition
| when T4 is activated it loses an iodide to become T3, it binds to a receptor in the nucleus then activates transcription factors that increases gene transcription, what important co-receptor is needed for this process? |
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Term
-increase in cellular metabolism (anabolism, catabolism, and metabolic rate)
- increased mitochondrial activity, size, and number
- increases Na+/K+ ATPase pump |
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Definition
| what does a release of thyroid hormones cause metabolically? |
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Term
- promotes growth (and development of brain)
-increased carb metabolism ( ++ glucose uptake, use, formation)
-increased fat metabolism
- increased cholesterol excretion |
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Definition
| how do thyroid hormones affect growth, carb metabolism, fat metabolism, and cholesterol excretion? |
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Term
- promotes growth (and development of brain)
-increased carb metabolism ( ++ glucose uptake, use, formation)
-increased fat metabolism
- increased cholesterol excretion |
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Definition
| how do thyroid hormones affect growth, carb metabolism, fat metabolism, and cholesterol excretion? |
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Term
| low: thyroid hormones help with cholesterol excretion so if they are low you will retain cholesterol |
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Definition
| what causes atherosclerosis, high thyroid hormones or low? |
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Term
cardio:
-increases blood flow and cardiac output
-increases HR
-increases heart strength
respiratory: increases RR and depth |
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Definition
| what do thyroid hormones do to the cardiovascular system and respiratory system? |
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Term
temperature changes
emotions (strong emotions inhibit it) |
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Definition
| what stimulates TRH release? |
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Term
temperature changes
emotions (strong emotions inhibit it) |
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Definition
| what stimulates TRH release? |
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Term
| hyperthyroidism - antibodies stimulate the thyroid by binding to and activating TSH receptors |
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Definition
| what can be caused by an autoimmune reaction (Grave's disease)? how? |
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Term
- hyperexcitable(brain) -> paranoia
- increased sweating
- weight loss
- muscle weakness
- tremors of the hands
- exophthalmos (weak eye muscle + edema -> bulging
- GOITER |
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Definition
| what are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? |
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Term
- an autoimmune disorder that destroys the thyroid gland
-iodine insufficieny |
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Definition
| what are the causes of hypothyroidism? |
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Term
- sluggish
- fatigue
- slowed HR
- decreased CO
- myxedema (increased extracellular fluid -> swelling of the face)
- goiter
- TSH still produced (no feedback)
- no T3/T4 production |
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Definition
| what are the symptoms of HYPOthyroidsim? |
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Term
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Definition
| name the condition that is caused by hypothyroidism in the young leading to small bone growth and mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| which has high TSH and high TRH hyper or hypothyroidism? |
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Term
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Definition
| which has low TSH and low TRH, hyper thyroidsim or hypo? |
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Term
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Definition
| what hormone causes decreased osteoclast activity so that less calcium is resorbed from bone, and reduces formation of new osteoclasts, thus causing blood calcium levels to drop? |
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Term
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Definition
| what hormone has the opposite effect of calcitonin, but is stronger? |
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Term
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Definition
| where is calcitonin secreted? |
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Term
1) ca++ 99% in bone, PO4 85%
2) Ca ++ 1% in cells/organs, PO$ 14%
3) 0.1% ca++ in extracellular fluid, PO4 <1%
4) ca++ is tightly regulated, PO4 is not tightly regulated but helps with acid/base balance |
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Definition
| compare calcium to phosphate in how much is 1) stored in bones, 2) in cells/organs 3) in extracellular fluid 4) how tightly regulated it is |
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Term
1) bone formation
2) muscle contraction
3) blood clotting
4) cell signaling (Phospholipase C path)
5) nerve transmission |
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Definition
| what is calcium used for in the body (list 5 things) |
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Term
1) promote bone formation
2) energy (ATP)
3) acid/base balance
4) cell signaling (receptor tyrosine kinase) |
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Definition
| what are the effects of phosphate in the body (list 4) |
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Term
| chief cells of the parathyroid glands, they have receptors that sense calcium levels |
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Definition
| what cells secrete PTH? why? |
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Term
blood Ca++ levels: increased
kidney: promotes Ca++ reabsorption in the tubules, and phosphate excretion
promotes 1,25, dihydroxyvitamin D formation (helps ca++ reabsorption
bone: increases absorption of Ca++/PO4 FROM bone
intestines: increases Ca++/PO4 reuptake (via vitamin D)
so Ca++ blood levels increase, Phosphate decreases because it is resorbed and excreted |
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Definition
| what does PTH do to the kidney, bone, and intestines, blood calcium? |
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Term
skin (UV light) does cholecalciferol to calcetriol D3
intestines take it in
liver converts it to 25 hydroxycholecalciferol and stores it
kidney converts 25 hydroxy to 1,25 (the active form) with PTH |
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Definition
| where does vitamin D come from? |
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Term
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Definition
| what inhibits PTH secretion and vitamin D conversion via negative feedback? |
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Term
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Definition
| what inhibits PTH secretion and vitamin D conversion via negative feedback? |
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Term
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Definition
| what inhibits PTH secretion and vitamin D conversion via negative feedback? |
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Term
blood Ca++ levels: increased
kidney: promotes Ca++ reabsorption in the tubules, and phosphate excretion
promotes 1,25, dihydroxyvitamin D formation (helps ca++ reabsorption
bone: increases absorption of Ca++/PO4 FROM bone
intestines: increases Ca++/PO4 reuptake (via vitamin D)
so Ca++ blood levels increase, Phosphate decreases because it is resorbed and excreted |
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Definition
| what does PTH do to the kidney, bone, and intestines, blood calcium? |
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Term
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Definition
| what inhibits PTH secretion and vitamin D conversion via negative feedback? |
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Term
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Definition
| what inhibits PTH secretion and vitamin D conversion via negative feedback? |
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Term
| active vitamin D (1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol) |
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Definition
| what promotes calcium and phosphate re-uptake in the intestines, mineralization of bones, and has a weak effect on kidney reabsorption of Ca/P? |
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Term
low calcium can cause hypertophy
high calcium can cause it to reduce in size |
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Definition
| what happens to the PTH in low calcium levels? high calcium levels? |
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Term
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Definition
this can cause
1) decreased PTH
2) decreased plasma calcium levels and increased phosphate
3) decreased osteoclast resorption
4) hypocalcemia- muscle spasms, tetanus |
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Term
| vitamin D or 1,25 dihidroxycholecalciferol |
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Definition
| what is the treatment for hypoparathyroidsim? |
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Term
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Definition
what causes
1) high PTH (usually due to a tumor)
2) excessive osteoclasts (weak bones)
3) elevated blood calcium
4) kidney stones
5) hypercalciemia(depressed nerve/muscle weakness) |
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Term
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Definition
| what can be triggered by Vitamin D deficiency? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
symptoms include:
1) osteomalacia (decreased bone mineralization-in adults)
2) decreased serum calcium and phosphate due to lack of sunlight or decreased vit D3
3) elevated PTH
4) excessive osteolysis due to increased osteoclast activity causing weakening of the bones |
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Term
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Definition
presents with
1) diminished bone matrix
2) decreased osteoblast activity
3) can be caused by lack of physical stress, lack of vitamin C, lack of estrogen, decreased GH, increased cortisol or malnutrition |
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Term
| cortisol, thyroid hormone |
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Definition
| what hormones are stimulated by a change in temperature? |
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Term
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Definition
| what hormones induce a diabetes like phenotype? |
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Term
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Definition
| what hormones reduce protein content in skeletal muscle? |
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Term
| graves is hyperthyroidism, so TSH is low, so is TRH |
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Definition
| incresed HR, exophthalmos, increse T3, increased T4, increased TSH, which is inconsistent with grave's? |
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Term
| they are taking thyroid extract because a pathology of the thyroid would cause it to swell |
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Definition
| if a patient has high T4, low TSH, and a small thyroid gland, what would cause this? |
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Term
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Definition
| if a woman has high plasma calcium, generalized demineralization of bones, and broken bones around age 40, what could be the problem? |
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Term
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Definition
| what disease causes both aldosterone and cortisol to decrease? |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens to somatostatin and somatomedin in a person with acromegaly? |
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Term
| he better teach the rest of our phys |
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Definition
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