Term
| What are the 2 types of pericardium that surround the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the pericardial fluid located? |
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Definition
| in between visceral and parietal of serous pericardium |
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Term
| What is pericardial tamponade? |
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Definition
| the compression of the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the myocardium (the muscle of the heart) and the pericardium (the outer covering sac of the heart). |
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Term
| Pain from an infection of the pericardium (pericarditis) is conveyed in what nerve(s)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the flow of blood through the heart. |
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Definition
| Oxygenated blood comes from pulmonary veins into the left atrium,then blood is pumped through arterioventricular valve(bicuspid valve) into the left ventricle. The bicuspid valve closes to stop back flow and blood is pumped from left ventricle into the aorta. The aorta is closed off by the aortic semi lunar valve then blood goes throughout body, then deoxygenated blood from the upper body thru the superior vena cava and the lower body the inferior vena cava into the right atrium. Blood flows form right atrium to right ventricle through tricuspid valve, then blood is sent through pulmonary semi lunar valve into the pulmonary artery to get deoxygenated and the cycle repeates itself |
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Term
| In cardiac auscultation, where is the stethoscope placed to hear the first heart sound (“lub” of the “lub-dub”)? |
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Definition
| closing A-V valves, systolic beat which is the first sound |
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Term
| What are the 3 layers of cardiac tissue? |
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Definition
| epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
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Term
| What is the apex of the heart? |
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Definition
| the pointy part located at the left 5th intercostal space where right and left ventricles meet. |
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Term
| What is the base of the heart? |
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Definition
| made up of the left atrium and a little of the right atrium.On the right it is limited by the sulcus terminalis of the right atrium, and on the left by the ligament of the left vena cava and the oblique vein of the left atrium |
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Term
| What is the margin between the 2 ventricles called? |
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Definition
| Interventricular part(membranous and muscular. |
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Term
| Which cardiac chamber lies anterior, directly posterior to the sternum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the muscular ridges on the surfaces of the ventricular walls called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 portions of the ventricular septum? |
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Definition
| Membranous(th eupper part is thin and attached to the fibrous skeleton of the heart. Muscular is the lower and thicker part. |
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Term
| What is the trabeculated muscle on the internal surface of the right atrium called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the small depression in the interatrial septum (on the right atrial side) called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fossa ovalis is a remnant of which embryologic structure? |
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Definition
| Foreman ovole from the persistent septum primum. |
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Term
| Which 2 valves are the: Inflow valves of the ventricles? |
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Definition
| Tricuspid and bicuspid valves Outflow valves of the ventricles? semi lunar valves. |
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Term
| What are the sources of blood flow into the right atrium of the heart? |
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Definition
| SVC, IVC, coronary sinus. |
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Term
| What are the valves formed from? |
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Definition
| Papillary muscles attached to cusps by cordae tendineae |
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Term
| How many cusps does the mitral valve have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the sinoatrial (SA) node located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What constitutes the blood supply of the SA node? |
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Definition
| From the right coronary artery |
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Term
| Where is the AV node located? |
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Definition
| posteroinferior region of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus |
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Term
| What constitutes the blood supply of the AV node? |
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Definition
| from the posterior interventricular artery, which is a branch of the right coronary artery in right-dominant individuals or by the posterior interventricular artery, but that artery is a branch of the left circumflex artery; the coronary circulation of these individuals is considered left-dominant. |
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Term
| Where do the right and left coronary arteries arise? |
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Definition
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Term
| The right coronary artery generally gives rise to which 2 major branches? |
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Definition
| The posterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery. |
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Term
| The right coronary artery runs within what groove of the heart? |
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Definition
| The artirioventricular groove. |
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Term
| All of the major cardiac veins terminate in which structure? |
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Definition
| Coronary sinus to RA or directly to RA |
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Term
| Which cardiac vein travels with the: Posterior descending artery? Great coronary vein Right marginal artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vein travels in the anterior interventricular sulcus with the LDA artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Thebesian veins? |
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Definition
| are minute valveless veins in the walls of all four heart chambers. They are most abundant in the right atrium and least in the left ventricle. They originate inside the myocardium and pass through the endocardial layer to empty directly into the chamber. The openings of the chambers are called the foramina venarum minimarum. |
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Term
| Which coronary artery supplies the SA node? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major causes of MI, and which coronary artery is most often involved? |
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Definition
| Sudden blockage of any coronary artery |
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Term
| What are the semilunar valves? |
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Definition
| semilunar valves (SV) are two valve structures that sit between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta. The flaps of the valves open and close to allow the unidirectional flow of blood out of the heart, while preventing backflow of blood. The valve between the left ventricle and aorta is called the aortic valve and the valve between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle is called the pulmonary valve. |
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Term
| Why is the left atrium enlarged or dilated in mitral stenosis? |
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Definition
| Atrial hypertrophy!the pressure in the left ventricle is lower than the pressure in the left atrium, and the blood flows down the pressure gradient. In the case of mitral stenosis, the valve does not open completely, and to transport the same amount of blood the left atrium needs a higher pressure than normal to overcome the increased gradient. |
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Term
| Trace the conduction pathway through the heart. |
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Definition
| Signals arising in the SA node (and propagating to the left atrium via Bachmann's bundle) stimulate the atria to contract. In parallel, action potentials travel to the AV node via internodal pathways. After a delay, the stimulus is conducted through the bundle of His to the bundle branches and then to the purkinje fibers and the endocardium at the apex of the heart, then finally to the ventricular myocardium. |
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Term
| What is the most common congenital heart defect? |
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Definition
| Ventricular Septum Defect(VSD) found mostly in the membranous part where it failed to fuse with muscular part. |
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Term
| What are the hallmarks of tetralogy of Fallot? |
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Definition
| Causes cyanosis,Pulmonary stenosis(narrowing)Overriding aorta,interventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy. |
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Term
| What is the efferent innervation of the heart? |
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Definition
| Efferent fibers of these autonomic nerves travel to the heart and blood vessels where they modulate the activity of these target organs. The heart is innervated by vagal and sympathetic fibers. The right vagus nerve primarily innervates the SA node, whereas the left vagus innervates the AV node; however, there can be significant overlap in the anatomical distribution. Atrial muscle is also innervated by vagal efferents, whereas the ventricular myocardium is only sparsely innervated by vagal efferents. Sympathetic efferent nerves are present throughout the atria (especially in the SA node) and ventricles, including the conduction system of the heart. |
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Term
| What is the effect of vagal stimulation of the heart? |
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Definition
| This response is caused by stimulation of the right vagus nerve. After transmission excitation through parasympathetic ganglia ACh is released in the SA node of the heart. Slowing or stoppage of the heart ensues. The response is mediated by muscarinic receptors that activate potassium channels in the supraventricular cells of the heart. In the SA node, activation of potassium efflux causes hyperpolarization and/or decreases the rate of diastolic depolarization. Thus, heart rate is slowed. |
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Term
| What is the afferent innervation of the heart? |
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Definition
| Preganglionic nuerons located in dorsal motor nerve of vagus nerve. |
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Term
| What is most appropriate for the stethoscope to be placed for listening of aortic valve sounds? |
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Definition
| ALONG THE SECOND INTERCOSTAL space |
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Term
| Along which of the following sternal borders of the anterior chest wall? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Which structure gives a murmur over the left fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line? |
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Term
| An abnormality of which of the following valves is most likely causing the enlarged left atrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Enlargement of which of the cardiovascular structures best explains the dysphagia? |
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Definition
| Left atriumm compresses the esophagus |
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Term
| What is the place of radiation of systolic murmur which is heard best in the second right intercostal space? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which artery is most likely obstructed if ECG shows findings of acute myocardial infarction in anterior surface of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which artery supplies the conduction system of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which portions of the heart is most likely ischemic if coronary angiography shows obstruction of the right coronary artery? |
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Definition
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