Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 8-10 attach at 7th cost cart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
typical ribs
what
how typical
aypical means what |
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Definition
3-9 or 2-10 - may vary
two costal attachments at vertebra
1 at transverse process
attach at 1 vertebral costal facet |
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Term
| 5th rib attaches to which verts superior costal articulating facet? |
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Definition
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Term
pect major has two innervations
pect minor one |
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Definition
lateral/medial pectoral
medial pectoral |
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Term
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Definition
clavipectoral fascia
medial/sup to CP fascia neurovas bundle of thoracoacromial a/v and lateral pectoral pierce |
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Term
| breast located in what fascia |
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Definition
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Term
mammallary crease. where
nipple, males ? |
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Definition
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Term
| suspense ligs of cooper attach to what, but not what |
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Definition
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Term
| retromam space, bet what? |
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Definition
| deep fascia of pect major and breast |
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Term
cause of dimples vs retraction
small dimples? |
|
Definition
dimples: invasion of suspens ligs
nipple retraction: of lact ducts
lymphedema |
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Term
| how breast ca spread to brain/verts? |
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Definition
ax nodes - posterior intercostal veins - azygos/hemi
or
- vert. venous plexuses surrounding spinal cord system to verts or brain
azy runs along spine |
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Term
| how know if cancer in pect major fram breast? |
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Definition
| when pect contracts, boob elevates |
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Term
| ax and parasternal nodes drain to what nodes |
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Definition
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Term
| what intercostal muscle can you see from costal cart to sternum? |
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Definition
inner intercostal.
external laterally to costal cart then stop |
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Term
| external intecost, direction |
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Definition
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Term
| which in from axillar v/a? |
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Definition
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Term
transverus thoracis
given rise by what muscle
do what |
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Definition
innermost intercost
hold down internal thoracic |
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Term
| intercostal n between which intercost muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
limits of
thoracic cavity
mediastinum |
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Definition
diaphragm to ribs
lungs/diaphram |
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Term
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Definition
| afferent visceral, afferent motor converge at same levels of spinal cord |
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Term
problems with mediastinum, or any pushing on diaphram results in pain where?
ex. pain in mediastinum/diaphragm
ex. pain in stomach/pancreas/spleen/liver/Q |
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Definition
shoulder, neck (PHRENIC)
between shoulder blades (SPLANCHNIC, T5,6)
phrenic nerve motor/sensory to diaphragm but also SENSORY TO MEDIASTINAL PLEURA
if blow up cavity with air for study, shoulders will hurt after |
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Term
parietal pleuras
pain, nerve
visceral pleura
pain nerves |
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Definition
localized, sensitive (can be referred) somatic
poorly localized, insensitive autonomic
disease wont really hurt until invades parietal layer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cardiac notch at what rib space |
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Definition
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Term
| if at 1st rib what is the space below called? |
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Definition
1st space!
spaces take name of rib ABOVE |
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Term
mid clavicular
lungs
pleura |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
scapular (inf angle(
lung
pleura |
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Definition
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Term
| why only one fissure on left |
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Definition
| no room for 3 lobes, heart there |
|
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Term
pulmonary ligament
function
what is it |
|
Definition
connection between visceral/parietal pleura
at hilum, visceral pleura of lung becomes parietal (think of fist in baloon... has to become parietal at some point |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| leading cause of maternal death |
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Definition
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|
Term
| bronchus branches a what topographical struct |
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Definition
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|
Term
| bronchus intermedius what side where how diff from left main bronchus |
|
Definition
right side. right below right upper lobe bronchus wider and more vertical then left main bronch
[image] |
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Term
| if something aspirated, where likely to get stuck |
|
Definition
right main bronchus.
wider and more vertically in line with trachea |
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Term
bronchial arteries/veins
function |
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Definition
feed, drain visceral pleura/tissue of lungs.
do not function in gas exchange |
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Term
bronchial branching
right side has how many lobes?
left?
about how many segments on each side? |
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Definition
main (prim) -> lobes (secondary) -> segments (tertiary)
Right: 3
Left: 2 (not enough room for 3!)
about 10 on each side |
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Term
bronchus
bronchiole
avioli
compostion?
when does cartilage stop? |
|
Definition
bronchus - cart
bronchiole - smooth m, elastic fiber
avioli - elastic fiber
cart stops at about 1mm diameter |
|
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Term
|
Definition
vasodilates systemic vessles
(decrease heart rate, BP, stroke v)
increase mucous, less exchange
constricts bronchiole lumen, slower oxygenation
constricts coronoary arts |
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Term
|
Definition
constrict systemic vessels
decrease mucous
dilate bronchioles
dilate cornary art (increase BF to <3) |
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Term
| diaphragm flattens upon inspiration why? |
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Definition
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|
Term
inspiration: what intercostal muscle contracts
why |
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Definition
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|
Term
expiration
what m contracts?
why? |
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Definition
inner intercostal
bring ribcage down |
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Term
pneumothorax (open)
what? |
|
Definition
| air getting into pleural cavity, pressure rises and lung collapses |
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Term
pneumothorax (closed)
what happens
affect on venous return? |
|
Definition
inspiration
air into pleural cavity (puncture) causing ipsilateral lung to collapse.
mediastinum shifts to opposite side
expiration
open wound closes from pressure inside, air cannot get out, mediastinum pushes to other side
increased pressure impairs venous return |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
hemothorax
hydrothorax
pyothorax
chylothorax |
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Definition
blood (usual injury to intercostal vess)
watery stuff (maybe from effusion into pcavity)
pus
lymph |
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|
Term
| 2 ways stuff could get into pleural space? |
|
Definition
opening in parietal pleural
leakage through visceral pleura |
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|
Term
thoracentisis
where?
where in this place? |
|
Definition
2nd/3rd intercost space
above upper boarder of ribso dont hit intercostal vessels/nerves |
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|
Term
| why does lung collapse when air in PC |
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Definition
surface tension between pleura broken.
collapses due to inherent elasticity (recoil) |
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|
Term
percussion sounds
dull
resonant
flat |
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Definition
dull: fluid
resonant: air
flat: solid |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
heart, how many beats/min
average age |
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Definition
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|
Term
pericardium
layers, layers
outer layer continuous with? |
|
Definition
fibrous & serous
serous: parietal and visceral
fibrous layer continuous with central tendon of diaphrahm |
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Term
cardiac tamponade
what
result - which causes
end result
how treat? |
|
Definition
compression of heart
due to fluid accumulation in pericardium, increased pericard pressure on heart. cant fill up!!
decreased vent filling/StrokeV
vents get bigger to compensate (cardiomeglay)
usually shock or death
pericardiocentesis (remove liquid from pericard sac) |
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Term
pericardiocenteisis
where put needle in? space?
drain? |
|
Definition
xiphoid/costal margin, 5th space
cardiac notch allows easy drainage that doesnt affect L lung |
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Term
| what could cause heart compression |
|
Definition
| liquid in peri sac but stab wound (blood), perforated heart wall after Hattack) |
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Term
| mediastinum structs anatomically lower when lying or standing |
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Definition
| standing. gravity pulls down |
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|
Term
| what sulcus separates A/V |
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Definition
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|
Term
percussion of heart
sounds normally dull where? |
|
Definition
| 4th, 5th, 6th intercost spaces 6 cm to left |
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Term
|
Definition
only right ventricle
where pul art starts |
|
|
Term
tricuspid valve
how many papillary m, where |
|
Definition
3 papillary muscles attached to cordae tendinae
ant/post/septal |
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|
Term
ductus arteriosis
function
becomes what
where |
|
Definition
bt aorta to pul trunk/artery
shunts blood from pul artery to aorta
LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOUS |
|
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Term
| pap muscles contract/relax during systole |
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Definition
| contract, close valve so no backflow, respond to pressure |
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|
Term
interventricular septum
what is made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to certain types of heart disease, detach and occlude stff |
|
|
Term
septomarginal trabecular
also called
funtion |
|
Definition
moderator band (R vent)
part of electrical conduction system |
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Term
|
Definition
R has more, L has only in auricle.
from embryonic atrium |
|
|
Term
| what of L atrium is anterior |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
RCA
branches
prx - distal
LCA |
|
Definition
AV branch
marginal (supplies r boarder)
Post IV (right post descending)
ant IV (LAntDescending)
circumflex |
|
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Term
Dominance
% R, % left
what means
why is having left dominant dangerous |
|
Definition
R, 70
L, 10
SOURCE of posterior descending artery
LCA easily occulded |
|
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Term
|
Definition
corn art bypass graft
internal thoracic artery (divert)
or
great saphenous vein
or radial artery |
|
|
Term
| most common sites of embolism resulting in infarct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ischemic heart diease
cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| typical place of myocardio referred pain |
|
Definition
| medial aspect of left upper arm |
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Term
CAD / electric system
SA/AV nodes supplied by?
AV bundle supplied by? |
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Definition
SA/AV -RCA
AV bundle -LCA
NOTE: av bundle runs down AV septum |
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|
Term
heart block
damage to what?
bundle block
damage to what |
|
Definition
damage to AV node
vents contract but much slower
AV bundle
normal systole in one branch only (asnychronus contraction) |
|
|
Term
Cardiac veins
drain where
branches? |
|
Definition
drain to Csinus
great vein follows LAD
middle follows post IV
small follows marginal |
|
|
Term
listening to valves:
aortic
pulmonic
tricuspid
mitrial |
|
Definition
2nd space/sternum right
2nd space/sternum left
5th space/sternum left
5th space/mid-clavicular (apex of heart), where costal cart ends |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
apex contracts? (direction)
atria contracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
topographic borders of mediastinum
ant
post
sup mediastinum
inferior mediastinum |
|
Definition
sternal angle to xiph-sternal joint
T5-T9
sternal angle to sup thoracic aperature
sternal angle to diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| orientation of vessels in mediastinum |
|
Definition
Veins - ant
arteries - poster
nerves - most post |
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|
Term
| embryonic origin of thymus |
|
Definition
endoderm
3rd laryngeal pouch |
|
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Term
| blood path when IVC/SVC obstructed? |
|
Definition
IVC: through azygos to SVC
SVC: drain into abdominal walls then up azygos |
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Term
AAA
pain manifests where?
other sympts |
|
Definition
back
dyspnea, AAA may compress trachea/esophagus/Recurrent laryngeal n (difficulty breath/swallow) |
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Term
branches of brachiocephalic vein (L/R)
BCv dumps into |
|
Definition
internal jugular v. + subclavian
SVC |
|
|
Term
branches of aortic arch
med to lateral |
|
Definition
brachiocephalic trunk
(r. common carotid, r sub)
L common carotid
L subclavian |
|
|
Term
Bovine Arch
% people
what |
|
Definition
L common carotid comes off brachiocephalic artery
L carrot can come off at prox/distal trunk
12%
so now BC artery would have 3 branches, r sub, r carrot, l carrot |
|
|
Term
Bowline Arch
what?
% people |
|
Definition
two brachiocephalic trunks
1.2% |
|
|
Term
L vertebral artery comes off aorta (instead of L subclavian)
%? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collateral blood with aortic coarctation |
|
Definition
less blood to inferior body. due to narrowing of lumen of aorta. prox/dis to ligamentum arteriosis
so blood goes from posterior intercostals moves anterior and inferior. |
|
|
Term
| landmark for left recurrent laryngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Patent Ductus Arteriosis
problem after birth?
common in?
#/1000?
female or male?
how treat non invasively? |
|
Definition
pressure drives blood from aorta through DA to pulmonary trunk/arteries.
more blood to lungs increases pul pressure (-> pul edema)
decreased systemic flow,
LV compensates and pumps more (hypertrophy)
more in females,
8/1000
give anti-inflammatorys. |
|
|
Term
| Wwhat keeps ductus arterious open? |
|
Definition
| prostangladins AKA INFLAMMATION |
|
|
Term
| inflamm of bronchi or aorta will cause what nerve to get compressed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
left recurr laryngeal n. under what?
right RLn. under what? |
|
Definition
aorta/ligamentum arteriosis
R subclavian |
|
|
Term
cardiac plexus
originiates from what?
supplies what?
controls what?
where sits? |
|
Definition
vagus nerves/sympathetic trunk
heart
constriction of coronary a, heart rate
aortic arch |
|
|
Term
pulmonary plexus
originates from?
controls
sits? |
|
Definition
vagus nerves/sympathetic trunk
bronchiole constriction
pul trunk |
|
|
Term
| bifurcation of trachea at vert lvl? (carina) |
|
Definition
| T4, sternal angle (2nd rib) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thymus, lymph nodes, fat, connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pericardium, heart, root of great vessels, arch of azygos, main bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest region, T5-T12, esophagus, aorta, azygos & hemizygos, thoracic duct, vagus nerves, sympathetic trunks, splanchnic nerves |
|
|
Term
| esophagus deviates to become anterior to aorta at what vert lvl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
azygos, thoracic duct, aorta
right to left |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
laceration fo Thoracic duct
result |
|
Definition
| chylothorax - accumulation of chyle in pleura |
|
|
Term
azygos joins SVC at what vert lvl
drains blood from where? |
|
Definition
T4 (sternal angle)
post walls of abdomen and thorax |
|
|
Term
hemiazygos
arises from where?
crosses verts to join azygos where? |
|
Definition
post renal vein
T6/7 (post to Tduct/aorta) |
|
|
Term
accessory hemiazygos
where crosses over?
drains blood from where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Splanchnic Nerves
innervate what? |
|
Definition
supply viscera inferior to diaphragm
Greater, lesser, least (T5-12)
medial to sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| what vert level, aortic arch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anterior cardiac vein drains where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal, quiet expiration lying down is acheived by contraction of what? |
|
Definition
| elastic tissue of lungs/thoracic wall. EXPIRATION IS PASSIVE |
|
|
Term
| CIRCUMFLEX BRANCh supplies what? |
|
Definition
| left atrium, left ventricle |
|
|
Term
posterior intercostal arteries 3-12 supplied by?
what supplies upper 6 intercost arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
thorocentesis
where preformed preferrably? |
|
Definition
| 1-2 spaces below the fluid, not below the 9th. mix axillary line |
|
|
Term
| apex of heart receives blood form what coronary artery generally? |
|
Definition
| LAD (goes all the way down) |
|
|
Term
| major muscles upon active expiration? |
|
Definition
| abdominal (not diaphragm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diaphragm, external intercostal, levator, |
|
|
Term
| what vein passes over root of r lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| venous drainage - intercostals |
|
Definition
| 2-4 intercost veins form SUPERIOR IC vein wich drains into (L) brachiocephalic, R (azygos) |
|
|
Term
| internal thoracic vein drains into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
coronary arteries at max blood flow at?
systole/diastole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
LUB DUB
what closes during lub?
dub? |
|
Definition
tricuspid/mitrial
aortic/pulmonary |
|
|
Term
septum primum = character?
septum secondum = |
|
Definition
SP = thin, membranous
SS = musccular thick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
atrium in back, ventricle in front
endocardial cushions begin to grow into ridges of tissue on opposite sides (crossing each other) of trucus arteriorsis (superior to vent) making a spiral. forming AORTICOPILMONARY SEPTUM
muscular vent septum grows from floor, partially dividing ventricles. when aorticopulmonary septum and intervent septum meet, aorta and pul trunk are formed. |
|
|
Term
VSD
main development cause?
blood goes where? |
|
Definition
often associated with irregular partitioning of conotruncal region - failure of ridges to fuse and descend.
blood from left V to right vent and to pulmonary trunk (higher P to lower P) - leading to pul edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dacron patch or reduce flow to pulmonary trunk. |
|
|
Term
tetrology of Fallot
most frequent abnormality of conotruncal region
what?
4 things associated
presents as? |
|
Definition
unequal division of conus, produces 4 alterations:
Intervent septal defect
Hypertrophy of Right V
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis (small pul trunk)
body cyanosis |
|
|
Term
| persistant truncus arteriosis |
|
Definition
| contruncal ridges fail to fuse, blood from R/L vents move into aorta/pul trunk fused and mix |
|
|
Term
4th pharangeal arch
6th
3rd
all become what |
|
Definition
4th subbclavian/aorta
6th pulmonary artery (6P)
3rd thymus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oxy blood (placenta) - umbilical vein - ductus venosus (bypass liver) - IFC - RA - foramen ovale - LA - LV - aorta - body - umbilical artery - placenta
or
RA - RV - PT - DArteriosis - Aorta - body - umbilical artery - placenta |
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