Term
| There are relatively few therapeutic intervention options for patients T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you promote patient independence? |
|
Definition
| Through home treatment, self-management exercise programs, and patient-related instructions |
|
|
Term
| When in doubt about choosing an intervention, what is the best option? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important factor in choosing an exercise intervention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many exercises are appropriate to give to a patient in order to maintain adherence to the HEP? |
|
Definition
| 1-5, any more than that the patient will likely be unable to do all of them and if they cannot do all of them there is a good chance they will not do any of them |
|
|
Term
| If an impairment is not linked to a functional limitation should it be considered in the HEP? |
|
Definition
| No, this is part of the clinical decision making process. Prioritization of the impairments that correlate to the identified functional limitations is very important |
|
|
Term
| The focus of any therapeutic exercise plan should be to restore the patient's strength through strength building exercises |
|
Definition
| No, restoring strength is important but the focus should be on functional activities that have meaning to the patient such as doing bridging for bed mobility or other activities that include multiple systems including strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Persons with diagnosed impairments or activity limitations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Persons who are not necessarily diagnosed with impairments or activity limitations, but seek services for prevention or promotion of health, wellness, and fitness |
|
|
Term
| What is the biopsychosocial model? |
|
Definition
| Theoretical framework for understanding PT practice and the classification scheme by which PTs make diagnoses and decisions for intervention |
|
|
Term
| What models led to the ICF model? |
|
Definition
| The NAGI model and the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH |
|
|
Term
| The steps of the ICIDH model |
|
Definition
| Disease > Impairment > Disability > Handicap |
|
|
Term
| The steps of the NAGI scheme |
|
Definition
| Active Pathology > Impairment > Functional Limitation > Disability |
|
|
Term
| Why are terms like disability not used? |
|
Definition
| Represents the negative aspects of the interaction between the individual with a health condition and that person's environmental and personal factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss or abnormality at the tissue, organ, or body system level; e.g. muscle weakness or joint swelling |
|
|
Term
| Define secondary impairment |
|
Definition
| An impairment that comes about from another preexisting impairment; e.g. joint pain/swelling that causes weakness or loss of ROM |
|
|
Term
| Define activity limitation |
|
Definition
| Difficulties an individual may have in executing activities. These limitations are measured from mild to severe; the question you want to ask yourself is what can the patient functionally not do |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts to the ICF? |
|
Definition
Functioning and Disability: focusing on the body functions and structures followed by the activities and participation. Then there is a focus on the positive and negative aspects of the individuals ability (functioning is the positive aspect and disability is the negative aspect)
Contextual factors is the second part which includes the environmental factors and the personal factors |
|
|
Term
| In the ICF model functioning refers to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the ICF model disability refers to what? |
|
Definition
| What the patient cannot do (activity limitation and participation restriction) |
|
|
Term
| Name two environmental factors (many possible) |
|
Definition
Any external stimulus that influences the functioning and disability
Facilitators
Barriers that keep patient from |
|
|
Term
| What are personal factors in the ICF model? |
|
Definition
| Internal influences on functioning and disability |
|
|
Term
| What are some benefits to therapeutic exercise for the patient? |
|
Definition
| Can reduce health care costs by promoting patient independence and self-responsibility |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 steps of the patient management model? |
|
Definition
1. Examination
2. Evaluation
3. Diagnosis
4. Prognosis
5. Intervention (leading to outcomes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of obtaining a history, performing a relevant systems review, and selecting and administering specific tests and measurements to obtain data - used to generate a diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| What is included in the Examination? |
|
Definition
| Occupation, history of present condition and medications, functional status and level of activity, medications, and family history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dynamic process in which the physical therapist makes judgements based on data gathered during the examination - interpretation of the data |
|
|
Term
| What is the Evaluation used for? |
|
Definition
| To determine the stability of the condition, presence of preexisting conditions, progression and stage of the S/S, and relationships among involved systems and sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process and end result of information obtained in the examination and evaluation |
|
|
Term
| Cluster definition (diagnosis) |
|
Definition
| A set of observations or data that frequently occur as a group or single patient - LBP is an example |
|
|
Term
| Syndrome definition (diagnosis) |
|
Definition
| An aggregate of signs and symptoms that characterize a given disease or condition |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis definition (diagnosis) |
|
Definition
| A label encompassing a cluster of signs and symptoms commonly associated with a disorder, syndrome, or category of impairment, functional limitation, or disability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of determining the level of optimal improvement that may be obtained from intervention, and the amount of time required to reach that level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific interventions to be used and the proposed duration and frequency of the interventions that are required to reach the anticipated goals and outcomes |
|
|
Term
| Prognosis and Plan of Care are based on what? |
|
Definition
Patient's safety, needs, and goals
The results of the examination, evaluation, and diagnostic processes
This gets easier the more patients you see because you see similar problems repeatedly |
|
|
Term
| What is the Intervention? |
|
Definition
| The purposeful and skilled interaction of the PT with the pt using various methods and techniques to produce changes in the patient's condition consistent with the evaluation, diagnosis, and prognosis |
|
|
Term
| When is the outcome successful? |
|
Definition
The activity and participation are improved or at least maintained, the activity limitation or participation restriction are minimized or alleviated completely, or when the patient is satisfied
Most importantly if the patient feels their goals are accomplished then they are done. It's their goals, not yours that are the most important |
|
|
Term
| What are the three axes of the Therapeutic Exercise Intervention Model? |
|
Definition
1. Elements of the movement system as they relate to the purpose of each activity or technique
2. The specific activity or technique chosen
3. The specific dosage |
|
|
Term
| What are the elements of the Movement System? |
|
Definition
| Support, Base, Modulator, Biomechanical, Cognitive or Affective |
|
|
Term
| What does Support refer to? |
|
Definition
| Functional status of the cardiac, pulmonary and metabolic systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional status of the neuromusculoskeletal systems |
|
|
Term
| What does Modulator refer to? |
|
Definition
| Physiologic status of the neuromuscular system |
|
|
Term
| What does Biomechanical refer to? |
|
Definition
| Functional status of static and dynamic kinetics and kinematics |
|
|
Term
| What does Cognitive or Affective refer to? |
|
Definition
| Functional status of psychological systems as it relates to movement |
|
|
Term
| What are the Stages of Movement Control? |
|
Definition
| Mobility, Stability, Controlled Mobility, and Skill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional range through which to move and the ability to sustain active movement through the range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to provide stable foundation from which to move |
|
|
Term
| What is Controlled Mobility? |
|
Definition
| Ability to move within joints and between limbs following the optimal path of instant center of rotation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to maintain consistency in performing functional tasks with economy of effort - movement with efficient use of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body position referring to base of support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Method of performing activity - think modality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of Physical Agents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of Mechanical Modalities |
|
Definition
| Traction, compression devices, and tilt tables |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Electrotherapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does patient education include? |
|
Definition
Information on current condition, diagnosis, prognosis, and plan of care
Health and wellness issues as appropriate
Risk factors for pathology, impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions |
|
|
Term
| Patient learning is categorized as cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in the cognitive domain? |
|
Definition
| Information and facts about the patient's condition and the rehabilitation program |
|
|
Term
| What is included in the affective domain? |
|
Definition
| This domain addresses the patient's attitude and motivation |
|
|
Term
| What is included in the psychomotor domain? |
|
Definition
| Learning proper motor programs and exercise performance |
|
|
Term
| The PT does not need to help the patient understand which signs and symptoms predict an exacerbation |
|
Definition
| False, this is a vital part of patient safety |
|
|
Term
| Personalities, values, teaching, and learning styles do not affect adherence and outcomes. T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clarification on how progress is defined and reasonable expectations regarding progress can improve patient adherence and satisfaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ther Ex requires initiative, motivation, and _______ in order to achieve success |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 stages of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change? |
|
Definition
1. Pre-contemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance |
|
|
Term
| What is going on during the stage of Pre-contemplation? |
|
Definition
| A lack of interest in exercising |
|
|
Term
| What is going on during the stage of Contemplation? |
|
Definition
| The client is thinking about exercising but has not necessarily started yet |
|
|
Term
| What is going on during the stage of Preparation? |
|
Definition
| The client is doing some exercise but not meeting the recommended levels |
|
|
Term
| What is going on during the stage of Action? |
|
Definition
| The client is meeting recommendations, but not for 6 months yet |
|
|
Term
| What is going on during the stage of Maintenance? |
|
Definition
| The client has kept up the action for 6 months |
|
|
Term
| If you tell a patient what to do, then the HEP will work out just fine. T/F? |
|
Definition
| False, you have to do more than just tell the patient what to do, you must educate them on how to change otherwise it is unlikely that their behavior will change |
|
|
Term
| Rapport is important for adherence. T/F? |
|
Definition
| True, it is very important |
|
|
Term
| The first thing a PT should do when trying to improve adherence is listen to the patient and identify the state of readiness for change. T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient's treatment should be separate from their functional goals. T/F? |
|
Definition
| False, the two should be linked in order to give the patient a reason for doing the exercises |
|
|
Term
| A radical change in a patient's lifestyle is the best way to get them to adhere to the HEP. T/F? |
|
Definition
| False, the fewest lifestyle changes the better. The HEP should blend into the patient's daily routine. |
|
|
Term
| What must a clinician be conscious of when giving instructions? |
|
Definition
Cultural barriers
Clarity of instruction
A logical sequence of exercises so it is easier to understand and perform them |
|
|
Term
| After giving instructions to a patient on their HEP what should the PT do? |
|
Definition
| Have the patient perform the exercises under supervision and encourage the patient to take notes |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors to consider when coming up with a Home Exercise Prescription? |
|
Definition
1. Stage of tissue healing
2. Tissue irritability and symptom stability
3. Pt's daily activities (what do they do?)
4. Pt's time and willingness to participate
5. Frequency between PT visits |
|
|
Term
| At the early stages of rehab, the patient does not visit the PT very often because of their surgery. T/F? |
|
Definition
| False, the pt sees the PT more frequently in order to modify the exercise program |
|
|
Term
| As a PT you are constantly assessing pt responses. T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Determining frequency of PT visits is a clinical decision skill made by the PT. T/F? |
|
Definition
| True, more frequent visits allows for greater supervision and less frequent visits means the HEP is less likely to overwork the patient |
|
|
Term
| What does the FITT principle stand for? |
|
Definition
F=Frequency of exercise
I=Intensity
T=Type (mode of exercise)
T=Time (duration) |
|
|
Term
| Intensity can be set high or low, both will benefit the patient. T/F? |
|
Definition
| False, if the intensity is too low, there will be no or little adaptive growth, and a possible loss of training effect |
|
|
Term
| What is the range of the RPE (Rate of Perceived Exertion) scale and also the ideal level on that scale? |
|
Definition
| Range is from 6 (very, very light) to 20 (Very, very hard), ideally the patient is between 12 and 16 so the perceived level of intensity is somewhat hard to hard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 MET = resting metabolic rate (quiet sitting)
Values range from .9-18
Light activity is <3 METs
Moderate is 3-6 METs
Vigorous is >6 METs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| While walking, if the patient cannot talk because they are so winded then they are working too hard and the intensity needs to be brought down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
over-training that prevents "growth"
*Adequate rest and recovery are critical for positive adaptations* |
|
|
Term
| What affects the healing of soft tissues? |
|
Definition
| Age, lifestyle, and systemic factors |
|
|
Term
| What are the treatment goals during the Inflammation Phase of Tissue Healing? |
|
Definition
| Decrease pain and inflammation while also maintaining mobility and strength of adjacent joints and soft tissue if possible |
|
|
Term
| How long does the inflammation phase last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does Chronic Inflammation occur? |
|
Definition
When the acute response does not eliminate injuring agent
Overuse or overload with cumulative repetitive microtrauma |
|
|
Term
| How long does the proliferative phase occur? |
|
Definition
| Up to 8 weeks for the new collagen forming (primarily type III) |
|
|
Term
| What are the treatment goals during proliferative phase of tissue healing? |
|
Definition
Light loading; sub-max isometrics
AAROM and AROM exercises and joint/scar mobilization |
|
|
Term
| An increase in tensile strength and a decrease in the number of fibroblasts signals the beginning of what? |
|
Definition
| The maturation-remodeling phase |
|
|
Term
| Persistent inflammation response causes extended fibroplasia and fibrogenesis. T/F? |
|
Definition
| True, this is an abnormal response |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the maturation phase? |
|
Definition
Realignment of collagen fibers along lines of tensile force
Increase in tensile strength of scar matrix
Deposition of type I collagen
This may take months to complete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone and soft tissue respond to the physical demands placed on them causing them to remodel along lines of tensile force |
|
|
Term
| Normal loading is a treatment goal during the remodeling phase. T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 5 factors that impede healing |
|
Definition
Co-morbidities
Smoking history
Corticosteroids
Poor vascular supply
Infection |
|
|
Term
| By limiting the amount of swelling, the rehabilitation time will go unchanged. T/F? |
|
Definition
| False, there will be a significant decrease in rehabilitation time when swelling is limited |
|
|
Term
| What does PRICE stand for? |
|
Definition
Protection
Restricted Activity
Ice
Compression
Elevation |
|
|
Term
| What is considered optimal loading? |
|
Definition
| Loads that aid the healing process and do not under or overload the tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of overload? |
|
Definition
Pain that does not resolve
Increased swelling, warmth, or redness
Pain that is increased over the previous session or comes on earlier in the exercise session |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands (SAID) - includes quantity and type of activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute injury to a ligament or joint capsule without dislocation |
|
|
Term
| Describe a Grade I sprain |
|
Definition
| Mild, ligament is stretched, no discontinuity |
|
|
Term
| Describe a Grade II sprain |
|
Definition
| Moderate, some fibers stretched/torn (25-75%) some joint laxity, swelling, bruising |
|
|
Term
| Describe a Grade III sprain |
|
Definition
| Severe, complete ligament disruption with resultant laxity, swelling and bruising - pain is often less than what is experienced with a grade II sprain because of the damage to the nerves in a Grade III sprain |
|
|
Term
| What are the therapeutic exercise goals for a sprain? |
|
Definition
Decrease pain/swelling with proper exercise
Exercise tissues around the joint
Joint protection to allow the ligament or capsule to heal
Maintain cardiovascular system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An acute injury to the muscle or tendon from an abrupt or excessive muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| What are the strain classifications? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Tendonitis and Tendonosis? |
|
Definition
Tendonitis: inflammatory
Tendonosis: noninflammatory |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of articular cartilage injuries? |
|
Definition
Mechanical - from years of abuse to joints
Nonmechanical - infection, inflammatory conditions, prolonged joint immobilization - articular cartilage has a poor healing response so early mobilization is necessary in order to get nourishment to the joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Results from a blow and can occur in any area of the body
Blood vessels below skin become damaged
If untreated, may progress to myositis ossifications |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for a contusion? |
|
Definition
Simple contusions resolve in a timely manner
Use ice to control swelling and local inflammation
ROM must be restored as quickly as possible |
|
|
Term
| What is an open fracture? |
|
Definition
| The fracture breaks the skins surface |
|
|
Term
| What is a closed fracture? |
|
Definition
| The fracture does not break the skins surface |
|
|
Term
| What is a nondisplaced fracture? |
|
Definition
| All sides of fracture remain in anatomic alignment |
|
|
Term
| What is a displaced fracture? |
|
Definition
| The ends of the bones are not in anatomic alignment |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for bone to heal? |
|
Definition
| 6-8 weeks minimum for stability |
|
|
Term
| What therapeutic exercise can be done for fractures? |
|
Definition
| Gentle joint mobs/stretching, sub-max isometrics, restore ROM, strength, balance |
|
|
Term
| What is/Where do stress fractures occur? |
|
Definition
| Overuse injury/Common sites are at the metatarsal bones, tibia, and spine (all weight bearing bones; seen in athletes and the elderly |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for stress fractures? |
|
Definition
Must decrease load to allow healing
May require immobilization if severe |
|
|
Term
| When are clinical protocols used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why were protocols developed? |
|
Definition
| so all medical professionals working with a patient would be on the same page |
|
|
Term
| Clinical protocols eliminate the need for clinical reasoning. T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the vital signs for children? |
|
Definition
HR: 80-120 bbp
BP: 100-120/40-60
RR: Faster than 30-50 |
|
|
Term
| How can a child with lower cardiac output than an adult have such high VO2 with less blood being pumped into the periphery? |
|
Definition
| higher amount of oxidative enzymes than adults |
|
|
Term
| How many steps a day should girls, boys, and adults take a day as part of an aerobic prescription? |
|
Definition
Girls 6-17: at least 11,000 steps a day
Boys 6-17: at least 13,000 steps a day
Adults 18 or older: at least 8,500 steps a day |
|
|
Term
| Training 2x/week is sufficient for strength gains in children. T/F? |
|
Definition
| True, average strength gains are between 13-30% |
|
|
Term
| Resistance training for children results in little change in muscle size but the strength gains come from what? |
|
Definition
| It is a result of neural adaptation |
|
|
Term
| There are more strength gains for children when they do few reps and high resistance exercises. T/F? |
|
Definition
| False, the opposite is true |
|
|
Term
| What are internal factors that contribute to low fitness in children? |
|
Definition
Self-esteem/depression
Perceived competence
Beliefs about benefits of exercise
Enjoyment/activity preferences |
|
|
Term
| What are some external factors that act as barriers to fitness in children? |
|
Definition
Ability to access community resources
Safety in and around home
Family's belief about benefits of exercise
Nutrition amount and type
Amount of tv time
Family's exercise frequency |
|
|
Term
| Hydrostatic pressure can be used to decrease edema of the affected limb. T/F? |
|
Definition
| True, helps with venous return the deeper the water |
|
|
Term
| What is specific gravity? |
|
Definition
| the ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density of water |
|
|
Term
| The density of the average body with lungs inflated is what? |
|
Definition
| .96g/cm3; therefore since the density is <1, the object floats |
|
|
Term
| Archimedes' principle is what? |
|
Definition
The upward thrust placed on an object is equal to the amount of volume of liquid displaced
-umbilicus: 50%
-xiphoid: 75%
-C7: 90% |
|
|
Term
| Buoyancy allows for therapeutic intervention when weight bearing is indicated. T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a buoyancy assisted movement in water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a buoyancy resisted movement in water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a buoyancy supported movement in water? |
|
Definition
| Gleno-humeral horizontal ab/adduction |
|
|
Term
| Bernoulli's principle is what? |
|
Definition
| the idea that Eddy currents are created as an object creates turbulence in water absorbing energy of an object, creating resistance by actually pulling the object backwards - drag |
|
|
Term
| Increasing speed and viscosity of fluid also increases Eddy currents. T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain why patients look shorter underwater |
|
Definition
| When light passes from a lesser to a greater density medium, it bends away from the normal |
|
|
Term
| Where is the center of buoyancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some relative precautions to water exercise? |
|
Definition
| fear of water, chemical allergy, pregnancy, high blood pressure, diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What are some absolute contraindications? |
|
Definition
| Fever, infections of an open wound, incontinence, neurological disorders |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of Bad Ragaz? |
|
Definition
| to facilitate and strengthen movement patterns in a number of planes of movement which mimic normal movement patterns - known as the ring method and patient is in supine position when this is done |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of Halliwick method? |
|
Definition
To teach balance and control in the pool. Originally used to teach people with disabilities how to swim (pushes wheelchairs into pool)
Uses this position sequence: standing-kneeling-sitting-rolling-crawling |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of Watsu? |
|
Definition
| To promote relaxation and decrease mm tone, used to treat chronic pain and neurological dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What is buoyant equipment used for? |
|
Definition
| to support a limb or the body, decrease compression or impact |
|
|
Term
| What is resistive equipment used for? |
|
Definition
| to increase body or limb's surface area while moving through water |
|
|
Term
| The most frequent diagnosis seen in the pool is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Warm water helps with what? |
|
Definition
| helps decrease spasticity and general muscular relaxation |
|
|
Term
| Cold water helps with what? |
|
Definition
| helps to increase muscular tension with most patient populations |
|
|
Term
| What is the "Gold Standard" of Body Comp Assessment? |
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic weighing or underwater weighing |
|
|
Term
| Where does the +/- 1.5% error come from in the underwater weighing? |
|
Definition
| Not blowing all air out of lungs; swim suit malfunction (air trapped in swim suit) |
|
|
Term
| What does the Bod Pod do? |
|
Definition
| Measures the air displacement compared to the water displacement (+/- 3% error) |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages/disadvantages of the Bod Pod? |
|
Definition
Advantages: Do not have to get wet, not difficult to operate, measurement time is short
Disadvantage: Expensive ($30,000-$40,000) |
|
|
Term
| What does the skinfold-thickness test measure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advantages/Disadvantages of skinfold-thickness testing |
|
Definition
Advantages: Easy to use with practice, requires little time, noninvasive, inexpensive
Disadvantages: User error, focuses on subcutaneous fat only, not the most ideal for those very obese or very lean |
|
|
Term
| Bioelectric Impedance testing relies on the fact that fat-free mass or fat mass is more hydrated? |
|
Definition
| Fat-free mass and thus electrical current passes through easier |
|
|
Term
| What is the Body Mass Index? |
|
Definition
The ratio between weight and height
(wt in lbs x 703)/(height in inches)^2 |
|
|
Term
| Waist to Hip Ratio is measured where? |
|
Definition
ACSM=narrowest point above umbilicus and below last rib
Hip = widest area around the buttocks and hips |
|
|
Term
| What are some effects of immobility? |
|
Definition
Adhesions/stiffness
Pressure ulcers
Deep vein thrombi
Pulmonary emboli
Pneumonia
Osteoporosis
Muscle wasting
Depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased mobility or lack of normal mobility |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of tissue resulting from fibrosis or shortening of the soft tissues around a joint or of the muscles |
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Term
| Compare Instability and Hypermobility |
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Definition
Instability is the excessive range of osteokinematic or arthrokinematic movement for which there is little protective muscular control
Hypermobility is the excessive joint mobility, laxity, or length of a tissue (can lead to instability but is not equal to it) |
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Term
| How does immobilization affect articular cartilage differently than other tissues? |
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Definition
| There is increased water content |
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Term
| When is stretching contraindicated? |
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Definition
in acute inflammation and tissue infection cases
Caution when patients have had a recent fractures, osteoporosis, or the elderly |
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Term
| How long are stretches held? |
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Definition
30-60 seconds
Patient compliance of 10-15 seconds |
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Term
| A muscle that is stretched quickly will stimulate what kind of fibers? |
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Definition
| Ia (spindle) fibers - this will contract the muscle being stretched (counterproductive) |
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Term
| If a Ib (GTO) is stimulated then what happens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 types of stretches? |
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Definition
1. Static - muscles held at a certain length
2. Ballistic - quick movements (oscillations)
3. PNF
4. Dynamic - actively moving a limb through ROM to impose a stretch |
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Term
| What are some adjunctive agents that help with stretching? |
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Definition
Superficial heat - hot packs, paraffin, fluidotherapy, hot bath/whirlpool)
Deep heat modalities - 39 degrees C or 103 degrees F
Need to stretch within 5 min |
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Term
| What can cause hypermobility? |
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Definition
| Traumatic injury, genetic predisposition, excessive tissue length |
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Term
| What causes muscle weakness? |
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Definition
| Muscle strain, post surgical, neurologic pathology, orthopedic injury of any kind, de-conditioning, lack of training |
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Term
| Sedentary men and women and young children possess 45%-55% of what type of fiber? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Slow oxidative, red, increased endurance, and decreased force
Rely on aerobic respiration for ATP production, high capillary density, loaded with mitochondria, Dominant in postural muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast fatigue resistant |
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Term
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Definition
fast glycolytic, increased force, decreased endurance
Rely on glycolysis for ATP production, high glycogen content and low capillary density, few mitochondria, Dominate in muscles used for rapid movement (eye muscles) |
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Term
| Fast motor units have the highest activation threshold, therefore they atrophy last from disuse or denervation. T/F? |
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Definition
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Term
| With chronic resistance exercise what do IIa fibers turn into? |
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Definition
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Term
| With chronic aerobic exercise what do IIa fibers turn into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare Parallel (fusiform) and Pennate muscle types |
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Definition
Parallel - longer muscles with more sarcomeres in series - greater potential for fast contraction (hamstrings)
Pennate - large cross-sectional area so greater tension/force production - more sarcomeres in parallel (quads, gastrocs) |
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Term
| A single neuron is connected to a specific number of myofibers and is called what? |
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Definition
| motor unit - also contains either Type I or Type II fibers, never both |
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Term
| Motor Recruitment "Size Principle" states what? |
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Definition
| Slow-twitch fibers are activated first because of their small diameter, fast-twitch are activated last because of their last diameter |
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Term
| The "Size Principle" is reversed when... |
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Definition
| Painful stimulus is encountered, necessitating rapid movement, during powerful movements such as sprinting, or during NMES |
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Term
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Definition
| a single motor unit contraction/relaxation event |
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Term
| What is twitch summation? |
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Definition
| Frequency of action potentials overlapping resulting in a stronger net contraction |
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Term
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Definition
Frequency of motor unit discharge increases until contractions fuse
Incomplete tetany - series of partially fused skeletal muscle twitches
Complete tetany - completely fused skeletal muscle twitches - normal skeletal muscle contraction |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of contractions? |
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Definition
Isometric "constant length"
Isotonic "constant tension"
Isokinetic "constant speed" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in fiber number (animal studies only) |
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Term
| Describe the DAPRE Protocol |
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Definition
Based on 6 RM
1st Set=10 reps at 50% 6RM
2nd Set=6 reps at 75% 6RM
3rd Set=6 RM to fatigue |
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Term
| At what intensity is there the most rapid strength gains? |
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Definition
80%-100% - increased risk of injury though
Minimum intensity needed is 60%-70% of 1RM |
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Term
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Definition
Total number of repetitions x intensity performed over a specified period of time
3 sets of 10 reps x 30lbs = 900lbs |
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Term
| How much rest is needed for a healthy adult between sets (all types of workouts)? |
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Definition
Power and strength 2-5 minutes
Muscle hypertrophy 30-90 seconds
Muscle endurance <30 seconds |
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Term
| Definition of Periodization and purpose of it |
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Definition
Def: altering the variables of exercise including mode, order, frequency, intensity, and volume
Purpose: prevent adaptation, stimulate new growth or performance, prevent physical and mental burnout, P90x |
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Term
| Thera-band fatigues at what rate? |
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Definition
| Thera-band has 5%-12% decrease in force after 500 cycles of elongating 100% of length |
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Term
| There is a 20%-30% increase in force production between colors of thera-band. T/F? |
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Definition
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