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| the school of psychology, founded by John B. Watson, that focused on psychology as the study of overt behavior rather than of mental processes |
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| Sigmund Freud's theory of personality and system of therapy for treating mental disorders |
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| the unique, relatively enduring internal and external aspects of a person's character that influence behavior in different situations |
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| the consistency or uniformity of conditions and procedures for administering an assessment device |
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| the consistency of response to a psychological assessment device; can be determined by the test-retest, equivalent-forms, and split-halves methods |
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| the extent to which an assessment device measures what it is intended to measure; include predictive, content, and construct |
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| a personality assessment in which research participants answer questions about their behaviors and feelings |
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| a personality assessment device in which research participants are presumed to project personal needs, fears, and values onto their interpretation or description of an ambiguous stimulus |
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| the intensive study of a relatively small number of research participants using a variety of assessment techniques |
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| the study of the statistical differences among large groups of research participants |
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| a detailed history of an individual that contains data from a variety of sources |
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| in an experiment, the stimulus variable or condition the experimenter manipulates to learn its effect on the dependent variable |
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| in an experiment, the variable the experimenter desires to measure, typically the research participants' behavior or response to manipulation of the independent variable |
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| in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the experimental treatment |
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| in an experiment, the group that does not receive the experimental treatment |
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| a statistical technique that measures the degree of the relationship between two variables, expressed by the correlation coefficient |
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| the view that personality is basically fixed in the early years of life and subject to little change thereafter |
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| mental representations of internal stimuli, such as hunger, that drive a person to take certain actions |
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| the drive for ensuring survival of the individual and the species by satisfying the needs for food, water, air, and sex |
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| the form of psychic energy, manifested by the life instincts, that drives a person toward pleasurable behaviors and thoughts |
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| an investment of psychic energy in an object or person |
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| the unconscious drive toward decay, destruction, and aggression |
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| the compulsion to destroy, conquer, and kill |
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| the aspect of personality allied with the instincts; the source of psychic energy; operates according to the pleasure principle |
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| Freud: pleasure principle |
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| the principle by which the id functions to avoid pain and maximize pleasure |
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| Freud: primary-process thought |
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| childlike thinking by which the id attempts to satisfy the instinctual drives |
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| Freud: secondary-process thought |
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| mature thought processes needed to deal rationally with the external world |
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| the rational aspect of the personality, responsible for directing and controlling the instincts according to the reality principle |
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| the principle by which the ego functions to provide appropriate constraints on the expression of the id instincts |
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| the moral aspect of the personality; the internalization of parental and societal values and standards |
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| a component of the superego that contains behaviors for which the child has been punished |
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| a component of the superego that contains the moral or ideal behaviors for which a person should strive |
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| a feeling of fear and dread without an obvious cause |
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| Freud: reality or objective anxiety |
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| involves a conflict between id and ego |
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| conflict between id and superego |
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| Freud: defense mechanisms |
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| strategies the ego uses to defend itself against the anxiety provoked by conflicts of everyday life; involve denials or distortions of reality |
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| a defense mechanism that involves the unconscious denial of the existence of something that causes anxiety |
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| a defense mechanism that involves denying the existence of an external threat or traumatic event |
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| Freud: reaction formation |
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| a defense mechanism that involves expressing an id impulse that is the opposite of the one that is truly driving the person |
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| a defense mechanism that involves attributing a disturbing impulse to someone else |
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| a defense mechanism that involves retreating to an earlier, less frustrating period of life and displaying the usually childish behaviors characteristic of that more secure time |
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| a defense mechanism that involves reinterpreting our behavior to make it more acceptable and less threatening to us |
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| a defense mechanism that involves shifting id impulses from a threatening object or from one that is unavailable to an object that is available |
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| a defense mechanism that involves altering or displacing id impulses by diverting instinctual energy into socially acceptable behaviors |
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| Freud: psychosexual stages of development |
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| to Freud, the oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages through which all children pass. In these stages, gratification of the id instincts depends on the stimulation of corresponding areas of the body |
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| a condition in which a portion of libido remains invested in one of the psychosexual stages because of excessive frustration or gratification |
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| during the phallic stage (ages 4 to 5), the unconscious desire of a boy for his mother, accompanied by a desire to replace or destroy his father |
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| Freud: castration anxiety |
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| a boy's fear during his Oedipal period that his penis will be cut off |
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| during the phallic stage, the unconscious desire of a girl for her father, accompanied by a desire to replace or destroy her mother |
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| the envy the female feels toward the male because the male possesses a penis; accompanied by a sense of loss because the female does not have a penis |
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| the period from approximately age 5 to puberty, during which the sex instinct is dormant, sublimated in school activities, sports, and hobbies, and in developing friendships with members of the same sex |
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| a technique in which the patient says whatever comes to mind |
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| the expression of emotions that is expected to lead to the reduction of disturbing symptoms |
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| in free association, a blockage or refusal to disclose painful memories |
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| a technique involving the interpretation of dreams to uncover unconscious conflicts; have a manifest content (the actual events in the dreams) and a latent content (the symbolic meaning of the dream events) |
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| perception below the threshold of conscious awareness |
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| object relations theories |
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| outgrowths of psychoanalytic theory that focus more on relationships with objects that satisfy instinctual needs, rather than on the needs themselves |
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