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| "critical reflection upon religious beliefs and practices" |
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| Gave the classic description of theology |
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| the classic description of theology given by Anselm |
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| "faith seeking understanding" |
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| Two key sources for guidance |
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| scripture and tradition judge our contemporary beliefs |
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| scripture and tradition are in a give-and-take with contemporary beliefs |
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| contemporary beliefs judge scripture and tradition |
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| say you are uncertain whether God exists or not |
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| God is not detached from human affairs; God is loving, compassionate, and merciful |
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| agreement between God and people |
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| the closeness of God's presence |
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| God is the supreme force in the universe, God is the Lord who rules the earth and who will judge the world |
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| God has the ability to direct affairs to achieve God's desired end |
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| emphasizes the difference between God and humanity |
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| God lacks any imperfection |
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| required language that preserved unity while acknowledging distinction |
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| philosopher who wrote nothing |
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| philosopher who recorded Socrates |
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| philosopher who studied under Plato |
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| discovering truth, studying to come to a correct understanding of reality |
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| the first institution of higher learning in the Western world |
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| Plato inscribed these words into his school |
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| "Let no one without geometry enter here." |
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| the world in which we live, we experience this world through our senses |
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| sensible world, world of becoming |
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| the world of Forms or Ideas |
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| the world of Forms contains the Forms of which the physical world is merely a _____ |
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| the world of unchanging reality |
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Definition
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| the three most important Ideas are: |
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Definition
| the True, the Good, and the Beautiful |
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| things are beautiful in this world to the extent that they _____ in the Idea of Beauty |
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Definition
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| Plato's work dealing with the idea state |
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| Plato describes his hierarchical view of reality in two ways |
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| first is the Divided Line, second is the story of the Cave |
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| one of the targets of Plato's works; they denied the existence of universal truth |
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| first type of reality by which Plato means reflections or shadows |
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| the second type of reality by which Plato means objects |
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| the third type of reality by Plato in which the person makes conclusions based on a set of hypotheses |
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| the fourth type of reality by Plato |
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| Plato's information about the first and second types of reality is |
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| Plato's information about the third and fourth types of reality is |
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| the philosopher's journey away from a lower perception of reality to a higher perception |
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| the ruler in an ideal state would be a |
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| ___ is material, the ___ is immaterial |
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| Socrates teaching a slave boy geometry, actually remembering geometry |
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| question and answer, the Socratic method |
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| process of gaining insight |
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| examination of the nature of the soul |
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| deals with bodily needs, the lowest part of the soul |
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| deals with higher emotions of the soul such as honor |
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| deals with the intellect, the highest part of the soul |
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| the soul is drawn towards its object by ___ |
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| if all parts of the soul properly perform their functions, ____ will result |
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| the state needs to provide goods to meet the bodily needs of the people - corresponding to the appetitive part of the soul |
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| the state needs to provide protection from attack - corresponds to the spirited part of the soul |
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| the state needs leadership - corresponds to the rational part of the soul |
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| Platonic philosophy influenced some of the New Testament writers, most explicitly found in the letter to the ____ |
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| Cicero's work of how philosophical life is superior to all others |
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| the universe was created and governed by two principles, one good, the other evil |
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| doubts human reason can know the truth |
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| Augustine goes to ____ as professor of rhetoric |
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| the leading figure in Platonism |
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| Before the death of Augustine's mother, they share a mystical experience at ____ |
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| bishop Valerius persuades Augustine to accept ordination in the town of ____ |
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| this controversy stems from the consecration of the bishop of Carthage by a bishop who was a "traditor" who handed over sacred books to Roman authorities during times of persecution |
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| Pelagius believed in the moral perfectibility of humans |
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| Augustine's work that countered the pagan charge that the Christians bore the blame for Rome's troubles |
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| These people attacked northern Africa, Hippo was under siege |
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| we may know what the right thing to do is, but we desire to do otherwise |
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| Schleiermacher is regarded as the ___ |
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| father of modern Liberal Protestant theology |
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| Shleiermacher addressed the ___ of religion in a series of speeches |
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| Schleiermacher argues that religion primarily concerns the faculty of ___ |
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| Schleiermacher was heavily influenced by the ____ movement |
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| the intuition that our lives are part of something beyond ourselves |
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Definition
| "immediate self-consciousness" |
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| In Schleiermacher's The Christian Faith, he speaks of this as an experience of ______ on a greater Being |
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| present in different cultures |
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| appear repeatedly through history |
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| results can be duplicated by a second party |
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| experienced only by the individual |
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| the future occurence of which can not be determined |
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| extraordinary experiences |
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| an example of extraordinary experience |
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| Schleiermacher's first position holds that truth is the property of one religion |
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Definition
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| Schleiermacher's second position holds that truth is found in all religions |
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Definition
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| according to Kierkegaard, people lacked deep inward ___ |
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Definition
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Definition
| "the father of existentialism" |
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| spoke of humanity as a collective whole and did not recognize the importance of the individual according to SK |
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Definition
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Definition
| "the method of indirect communication" |
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Term
First type of existence which Kierkegaard presents
Life is the uncommitted life, detachment is key |
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Definition
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Term
The second type of existence which Kierkegaard presents
Concerned with choosing to conform to universal moral norms -- involves commitment |
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Definition
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The third type of existence which Kierkegaard presents
Believes that the ethical stage does not allow sufficient room for the individual to move beyond the universal ethical code |
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Definition
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| a case where there was "teleological suspension of the ethical" |
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Definition
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| in the Kierkegaard's third stage, it maintains that truth is within us |
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Definition
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| in Kierkegaard's third stage, it maintains that we are in ignorance of the truth |
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| the truth of Christianity is that the eternal God took the form of a humble servant at a particular moment in history |
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| movement to faith in the paradox |
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| religious truth is not simply a matter acquiring the right kind of information -- the person must hold that truth with inward passion |
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| correspondence to reality |
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Definition
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| the claim that belief in God's existence and other truth claims is solely a matter of faith |
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| the theologian who was influenced early in his career by Kierkegaard |
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| a twentieth-century movement in Protestant theology |
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Definition
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| first edition appears in 1919; second and more influential edition appears in 1922 |
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| 1934, Barth and other theologians produced: |
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| Barth's multi-volume work which is what he is best known for |
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Definition
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Barth's first way in which his theology breaks with Liberal Protestant tradition:
God does not join our human spirit in the depths of our immediate self-consciousness |
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Definition
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Term
| Barth's second way in which his theology breaks with Liberal Protestant tradition |
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Definition
| Christ is the revelation of God to humanity |
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Term
Barth's third way in which his theology breaks with Liberal Protestant tradition:
the reasons for why Christians believe what they believe and act the way they act may not make sense to all people |
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Definition
| the Christian life is based on promises of God |
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| Tillich continually insists that God is not a being, but rather is |
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Definition
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| God is not a being along side other beings, God is the |
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| one of Tilich's teachings |
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Definition
| Religion is the substance of culture and culture is the form of religion |
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| Tillich always speaks of God as a person's |
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Definition
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| Tillich contends that religious language or language which deals with the depths of being is |
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Definition
| "God is a symbol for God" |
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| Tillich argued that we needed to relate the symbols of the Christian tradition to the questions of human existence -- this is: |
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Definition
| the method of correlation |
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Term
| Christian theologians during the Enlightenment see their task as establishing the |
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Definition
| reasonableness of Christianity |
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Term
| In Enlightenment, religion is seen by many as: |
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Definition
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| religion is simply a matter of proper behavior |
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Definition
| religion becomes equated with ethics |
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| There is an Enlightenment acceptance that: |
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Definition
| scientific knowledge is the standard of truth |
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Term
| the political thought developing at this time sees little or no role for religion in teh public forum -- rather : |
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Definition
| religion is a personal or private matter |
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Term
| two influential thinkers in the quest for the historical Jesus |
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Definition
| Ernest Renan, Adolf von Harnack |
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Term
| Renan presented a greatly spiritualized portrait of Jesus in his work: |
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Definition
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| Adolf von Harnack presented Jesus as the |
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Definition
| teacher of timeless truths |
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Term
| this man argued that Mark gave a particular structure to received material |
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Definition
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| Wrede claimed that the author of Mark's gospel invented the |
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Definition
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| this raised the question of whether we can learn anything about the historical Jesus |
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Definition
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| He reviewed the attempts to reconstruct the life of Jesus from Reimarus to Wrede |
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Definition
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| Schweitzer concluded that all had overlooked the ____ dimension of Jesus' teaching |
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Definition
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| refers to the approach in interpretation in which generally assumes the truth of the literal sense |
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Definition
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| refers to the approach in interpretation which looks beyond the text to establish its historical accuracy |
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| the persons and events mentioned in the Bible actually existed |
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Definition
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| the biblical stories could refer to persons and events other than those literally mentioned in the text |
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| a type usually refers to a person or event in the Hebrew Scriptures which foreshadows a person or event in the Christian Scriptures |
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| the first person to begin the critical study of scripture |
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Definition
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Term
| this man rejected both the rationalist and supernaturalist interpretations of scripture |
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Definition
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| this interpretation explained all Biblical events through natural means |
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Definition
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| this interpretation stressed Jesus' divine power |
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Definition
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| Strauss argued that the biblical stories were ____ by which he meant a poetic mode of expression which may have a basis in historical truth |
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Definition
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| the attempt to recover the person of Jesus from the different biblical sources |
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Definition
| quest for the historical Jesus |
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| Jung maintained that there exists a storehouse of images shared by all humanity, called |
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Definition
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| universal ideas or images |
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Definition
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| an integration of all of the different elements of one's personality |
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Definition
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| Jung claimed that each person has a _____, a feminine side (creativem gentle, nurturing) and a _____, a masculine side (rational, strength) |
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Definition
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| Jung claims that the animalistic side is the |
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Definition
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| this tells something about the state of affairs of the inner and outer life of the person |
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Definition
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| Jung does not directly speak of God, but he does speak of the |
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Definition
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| Bultmann makes the distinction between the _____(the actual person who walked the earth) and the _____(the portrait of Jesus found in the gospels and throughout Christian teaching) |
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Definition
Jesus of history,
Christ of faith |
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Term
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Definition
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| a recovery of the biblical message and a rerepresentation of that message in language which is meaningful to modern persons |
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| Bultmann's former student |
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Definition
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| this is the attempt to establish within the realm of reasonable probability certain features of Jesus' life and preaching |
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Definition
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| The first book length expression of the new quest is |
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Definition
| Gunther Bornkamm's work, Jesus of Nazareth |
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Term
| those things in the gospels which would have embarrassed the early Christians are probably accurate |
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Definition
| criterion of embarrassment |
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Term
| those things which could not have come from either Judaism or the early church have a high degree of probability |
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Definition
| criterion of dissimilarity |
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| statements which appear in independent sources have as high degree of probability |
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Definition
| criterion of multiple attestation |
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| this would be most represented by fundamentalism |
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Definition
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| this would be deism or natural religion |
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Definition
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| science and religion deal with different areas and those two areas are independent of each other |
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Definition
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| scientific research is amoral |
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Definition
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| challenges science's objectivity |
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Definition
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| science actually supports religious belief |
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| began with the close of the Thirty Year's War and ended with the French Revolution |
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| beginning of the Enlightenment period |
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| ended the Enlightenment period |
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| was one of the chief marks of Enlightenment thought |
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| the motto of Enlightenment |
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| Have the courage to use your own reason |
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| a religion which all reasonable people would recognize as true |
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Definition
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| a religion which insists on unique claims of knowledge about God given by special persons or events |
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Definition
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| the natural religion movement develops into |
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| known as "the Father of Deism" |
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Definition
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| wrote Christianity as Old as the Creation |
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Definition
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| Matthew Tindal's Christianity as old as the Creation is often called |
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Definition
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| religion not in need of additions or deletions |
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Definition
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Term
| deism becomes increasingly rationalistic, best represented by |
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Definition
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| deism's conception of God is that of the ____ who created the world and set it in motion |
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Definition
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Term
| Locke describes as common sense propositions which we verify in the course of our daily living |
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Definition
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| Locke distinguishes as that which is in opposition to clearly true ideas |
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Definition
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| Locke distinguishes as statements whose truth can not be determined by reasoning alone |
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Definition
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| for Locke, the reasonableness of revelation is justified on the basis of two points: |
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Definition
| the fulfillment of prophecies and the performance of miracles by Jesus |
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Term
| defined as a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the Deity |
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Definition
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Term
| Hume left orders that after his death his work called _____ should be published |
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Definition
| Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion |
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| In Hume's "Dialogues", there are three characters _____ whose views represent natural religion, ____ whose views represent Protestant orthodoxy, and _____ whose views represent skepticism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| the belief that God is not all-powerful, and the universe is controlled by two forces |
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Definition
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| the belief that God always has and always will be in a conflict with evil |
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Definition
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| the belief that God will one day banish evil |
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Definition
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Definition
| best of all possible worlds argument |
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| associated with the free will defense |
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Definition
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| evil resulting from the choices of humans |
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| evil resulting from causes other than human choice |
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| argues that evil presents obstacles and opportunities for moral growth |
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Definition
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Term
| this holds to God's justice in the midst of a world where unjust events occur |
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Definition
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Term
| the book of ____ deals with question of the suffering of the innocent and ends in some respect calling for human silence in light of the inscrutable ways of God |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Kant said that the human mind can gain knowledge of the objects in this world |
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Definition
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Term
| Kant said that the human mind can not gain knowledge of the |
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Definition
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Term
| we can not gain true knowledge about things which are beyond time and space by use of |
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Definition
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Term
| Kant's second major work was |
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Definition
| The Critique of Practical Reason |
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| the rational faculty concerned with human conduct |
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Definition
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Term
| logically implied in a given state of affairs, it is a reasonable assumption |
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Definition
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| Kant said all rational beings experience the demands of moral law or |
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Definition
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| the fist postulate of practical reason |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| rewards the just and punishes the wicked |
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Definition
| immortality of the soul and a God |
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Term
| Kant develops his christological position in his |
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Definition
| Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone |
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Term
| a historical example of moral perfection |
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Definition
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Term
| Kant stated that the existence of God can be neither proven nor disproven by reason or |
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Definition
| I found it necessary to deny knowledge in order to make room for faith |
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Term
| Augustine's approach to God is referred to as the |
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Definition
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Term
| a philosophical movement beginning in Vienna between the two world wars known as |
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Definition
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Term
| leading representative of logical positivism is |
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Definition
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Term
| stated that a statement is meaningful if it is either tautologies or empirically verifiable |
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Definition
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| statements which must be true by definition |
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Definition
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| sense experience will confirm or deny the statement |
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Definition
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Term
| he argued that a statement is only meaningful if it is an assertion |
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Definition
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Term
| can be refuted by some state of affairs |
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Definition
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| traditionally considered the father of modern atheism |
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Definition
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| transference of the human essence on to "God" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Feuerbach feels that religion is |
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Definition
| the childlike condition of humanity |
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Term
| Nietzsche proclaimed in his work the famous declaration _____...and we have killed him |
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Definition
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Term
| for Nietzsche, the fundamental drive of all humans is the |
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Definition
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Term
| Nietzsche divides morality into two types: _____, one which confidently chooses its own values and acts upon them, and _____, which arises out of oppressed classes who resent the masters and label the virtues of the masters as evil and in their place praise power'less ideals. |
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Definition
master morality,
slave morality |
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Term
| at the heart of the slave morality is _____ of the weak against the strong |
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Definition
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Term
| Nietzsche raises up a new ideal about the _____ who chooses his own values in the absence of any ultimate meaning to history |
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Definition
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Term
| the belief there is no meaning or moral truth in life |
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Definition
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Term
| two elements of the human character represented in Greek mythology |
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Definition
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Term
| the process in which the Overman decides individually what is the true, the good, and the beautiful |
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Definition
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Term
| contains those aspects of our personalities of which we are unaware and which we can never know directly |
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Definition
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Term
| consists of those ideas which are not presently in our consciousness but which can become available to us through ordinary means |
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Definition
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Term
| that which is currently in our awareness |
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Definition
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Term
| one of the three forces at work in human personality: the primitive instinctual force which seeks immediate satisfaction |
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Definition
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Term
| id operates according to the |
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Definition
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Term
| the sexual drive and the aggressive drive |
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Definition
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Term
| one of the three forces at work in human personality: it delivers the commands of society -- conscience |
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Definition
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Term
| one of the three forces at work in human personality: it regulates the impulses of the id and super ego |
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Definition
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Term
| ego operates according to the |
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Definition
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Term
| energies are re-directed in socially accepted ways |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the ego is sometimes unable to mediate adequately the various impulses which results in |
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Definition
|
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Term
| irrational fear about particular objects or actions |
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Definition
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Term
| recurring irrational thoughts |
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Definition
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Term
| boys seek to possess their mothers, but fear castration by his father |
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Definition
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Term
| place where Darwin made a number of observations which would explain how evolution takes place |
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| the survival of the fittest |
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| Darwin concludes that evolution takes place according to the process of natural selection in the |
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| Darwin includes humanity in the process of evolution in |
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| Darwin's work obviously contradicted the literal meaning of the creation story and the story of Noah's ark |
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| _____ was seen as a heartless machine crushing out of existence of the weak and vulnerable |
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| Darwin's work challenged the anthropocentric view of nature and diminished the dignity of _____ by including them in the animal kingdom |
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| the aplication of Darwin's theory to social policies regarding the poor and handicapped |
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| Social Policy: social Darwinism |
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| Pascal came under the influence of _____ a group of strict Augustinians which stressed the corruption of human nature |
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| Pascal recorded his intense mystical experience in a piece entitled |
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| Pascal's notes or thoughts for his systematic defense of Christianity for unbelievers |
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| Pascal said about the heart |
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| The heart has its reasons which reason does not know |
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| Pascal's discussion of God presupposes a certain view of humans: they are both ____ and ____, significant and insignificant |
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| people occupy ourselves with _____ to avoid our wretchedness |
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| a person must bet whether God exists or does not exist |
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| process thinkers therefore argue that the primary category for talk about God is not ____, but ____ |
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| process theologians base their philosophy on the work of the mathematician and philosopher |
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| Religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness |
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| God is a ___ whose power is persuasive, not coercive |
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| a popular French theologian ______ argued that the evolution produced more complex organic structures with greater consciousness |
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| Pierre Teilhard de Chardin |
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| Chardin suggesed that evolution is moving towards an ______ |
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| the great companion, the fellow-sufferer who understands |
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| primarily a Latin and South American theological movement which deals with unjust social and economic conditions |
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| equal relationship between men and women |
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| Descartes outlines his new approach in philosophy in his |
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| Meditations on First Philosophy |
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| Descartes says that even if he is doubting all things, he knows that he is doubting, the first clear and distinct idea is |
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| "I think, therefore, I am" |
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| Descartes will accept as true only those ideas which are |
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| Cartesian Dualism says that reality is comprised of two substances: ______(its essence is extension), and ______(its essence is mental activity) |
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material substance,
thinking substance |
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| at the base of the brain, it unites the two independent substances in humans |
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| Descartes wished to preserve two central Christian beliefs: |
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immortality of the soul,
existence of God |
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the scientific method of investigation draws conclusions by examining a number of particular cases and formulating a general rule
particular to general |
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| this school of philosophy examines observable data in order to make truth claims |
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| Descartes moves from general to particular |
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| this school of philosophy relies upon the mind to arrive at truth |
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| Descartes shifted the medieval focus on the world to a focus on the individual as the starting point for philosophy |
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