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| foreign chiefs around historical time of exodus |
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Nestorius: Patriarch of Constantinople (Followed Aristotelian Philosophy)
& Focus on the Synoptic Gospels (low Christology)
Two ideas that the Council had to deal with:
Nestorianism and Monophysitism |
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-Radical response to Nestorianism
-said that Jesus only had one nature (divine)
-human nature either absorbed by Divine Nature OR
-Divine "mind" replaced human "mind"
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-some still promoted Monophysitism
-affirmed the basic Christology formula (serves as the way we understand the relationship between God and Humanity in Jesus in the Hypostatic Union)
-Jesus is one (divine) person (relationship)
-Jesus has two operating Natures (divine and human)
-Jesus is one (divine) person and has two operating Natures (divine and human)
-enables the church to affirm that Jesus is truly God (insofar as he mediates the reality of God)
-enables the church to affirm that jesus is truly human (insofar as he mediates God in a truly human way)
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| "The Journey;" God's chosen people |
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| Key event in exodus (heart of Jewish faith); firstborns, mark doorway and God would "pass over" them |
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| Laws that reflect life prior to city-centered life of kingdom |
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| formal practice of worship; bringing people back to proper worship of God |
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| absolute law, shape religious/moral character of nation; moses mt. sanai |
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| laws on sacrafice/feast days |
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| very moralistic, preachy style; holiness-set apart (life-holiness) |
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| economic/social circumstances, wanted to bring people back to worship of God |
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| Defines what to do in situations of social harmony (when threatened); now to maintain/restore balance |
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| Journey that tested and developed reliance on God, revealed God's character to israelites, God always presents(purification) |
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| military leaders (warlords) |
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| equal punishment for crime committed; like book of covenant eye for eye, tooth for tooth |
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| cows, highest God = el, Beat (God of fertility), Aaron made golden calf - broke first commandment |
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source of common verses between Matthew and Luke (not in Mark) |
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| an example of dramatized epic; King sent on basket on river |
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| the way that Matt portrayed Jesus as final interepreter of Mosaic Law |
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| greek meaning "God lover" or "beloved of God;" used by Luke in reference to his audience |
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| "the same sybstance"; Jesus is the same reality/substance/stuff as the Father |
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concerns the literary relationship between the first three "synoptic" gospels of the New Testament (The synoptic gospels and what they share) |
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-early 70s AD…most likely written in Rome…for Gentile audience
-was traditionally seen as Peter’s interpreter.
-Greek
-Probably not an eyewitness to Jesus
-Provided a great narrative of the life of Jesus |
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| Historical Situation of Mark |
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-Written shortly after the persecutions from the Emperor Nero.
-Near the time of the Jewish revolt and the destruction of Jerusalem.
-Many Christians had lost heart and turned away from the faith in fear.
-Those who remained believed the end times were near. |
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-To increase faith/more intense commitment to Christ
-To present important theological ideas about Christ
-To convey his understanding of suffering and the end of the world |
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| Theological Message of Mark |
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-Remove the Urgency
-“Who do you say I am”
•Titles: Rabbi (teacher), Son of Man, Son of God, Christ
•Christ = it leads to suffering and the cross
-The cross revealed the ultimate identity of Jesus…the suffering Son of God
-Messianic Secret |
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-was written after Mark, sometime around the year 80-85 C.E.
-Gospel is distinctively Jewish
-Used Mark as a source for material
-Q source |
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| Historical Situation of Matthew |
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-Small Jewish-Christian community somewhere outside of Palestine (possibly Syria)
•Since it was written in Greek and not Aramaic
-Tension with Rabbinical Judaism (hostility and tension with the Jews)
•Increasingly antagonistic
-Written after 70 CE, since the gospel presumes Jewish defeat by Rome |
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| Intended Purpose of Matthew |
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-To be apologetic (against a militant Judaism)
-To help his community understand the Jewish origins of its faith
•Genealogy
-Emphasizes Jesus’ Jewish roots |
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| Theological Message of Matthew |
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-Jesus is the completion of all that is best in the Jewish tradition
-The Law -New Moses
-Christ
-Identity of Israel
-Universal Scope of the Gospel |
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80 to 90 CE
-Tradition is that it is a second-generation Christian (mentioned in some of Paul’s letters)
-Non-Palestinian who wrote to Gentile Christians
-Focused on plan for human salvation through Christ |
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| Historical Situation of Luke |
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-Anonymous Greek (non-Jewish) Christian
-Tradition was that he was a companion of Paul (not likely)
-Audience was “Most-Excellent Theophilus” (God-lover or “beloved of God”)
•Likely Luke-Acts in house (to other Christians) |
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-Accuracy
•Historical Account
-Persuasiveness
•More current for his community
-Apologetic
•Make it a resource for other Christians |
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| Theological Message of Luke |
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-Jesus Christ – the anointed one of God
•Saving action was Jesus’ life and work, not crucifixion
-Holy Spirit – Jesus was anointed with the H.S. in a special way
-Refocus the expectation of Jesus’ return
-Salvation History
-Gospel to the Gentiles |
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-90-110 CE
-Very different from Synoptic Gospels
-Highly literary and symbolic – particular theology of Christ
-Christ is the Logos (Word) |
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| Historical Situation of John |
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-Johannine Community
•In the Synagogue (group of Jews who came to believe that Jesus was the Messiah)
•Expelled from Synagogue (missionary element of Christianity
•Against the Synagogue (us vs them mentality develops) |
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-Johannine Community
•In the Synagogue (group of Jews who came to believe that Jesus was the Messiah)
•Expelled from Synagogue (missionary element of Christianity
•Against the Synagogue (us vs them mentality develops) |
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| Theological Message of John |
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-Jesus is the man sent from Heaven
-Signs
-As the one sent from God, Jesus is the way to God (to eternal life) |
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¨The study or theology of the person and nature of Jesus Christ
¨Who is Jesus?
¨It is through this that we know anything about God
¨Through Jesus, we understand God |
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(Christology meaning)
–Cannot be understood apart from the life of the historical Jesus
Unexpected dimension of significance to the life, ministry, and death of Jesus
-Apostle unambiguously recognize Jesus as the Christ (relationship with Yahweh)
Titles
Suffering Servant
Reigning Lord
Son of Man |
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| Meaning of Messiah/Christ |
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| title for King of Israel (divine sense only in early Christianity) |
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| Messianic title with royal connotations; descendant of David |
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| referred to by enemies; Jesus refuses to be an earthly king |
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| mainly a title given to God; Luke (refers to God and Jesus); Yeshua (“God Saves”) |
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| Paschal Lamb (Exodus); John (corresponds to Jesus’ death near Passover – replaces sacrificial lamb) |
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| Genre:a highly symbolic narrative that interprets a historical crisis and provides hope for a better future |
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•The Apostle Paul (c. ?-64 CE)
–Saul
–Tarsus
–Executed in Rome
•Three distinct Phase
–Life as a Pharisee
–Conversion
–Life as an Apostle (to the Gentiles) |
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| also known as "letters"; written by (or attributed to) various early Christian leaders, known as “apostles” |
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| Paul's Audience and Challenges |
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-Christian communities
-Influence of Philosophical Schools |
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•Jewish law is not necessary for salvation.
•The most important spiritual gifts are those that build up the church, namely teaching and preaching, and especially love. The gift of love is also his way of summarizing Jewish law, for those who believe the law is important.
•affirms that salvation is in Christ Jesus alone; proclaims that there is one Lord, one faith, one baptism, and one church.
•asserts that the promise of the gospel is resurrection from the dead with new, spiritual bodies, to live in the kingdom of God under the eternal rule of the Lord Jesus Christ.. |
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| Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John |
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| "good news" about Jesus Christ; narrative portraits of Jesus |
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| Synoptic Gospels (Low Christology) |
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| Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke |
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Jesus of Nazareth
Life, Death, Resurrection
Confession that Jesus is Messiah
An attempt to look at Jesus that is free from Dogma.
Some scholars are critical of the developed Christology because it took on concepts from Greek philosophy to explain the person of Jesus Christ and not based on a historical foundation.
Historical Criticism: attempts to find the world the text is set in and the world the text was written in.
history of the text: how the story started; What really happened |
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| Key Church Councils the Defined the Nature of Jesus |
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-Council of Nicea (325 AD) and Council of Constantinople (381 AD)
-Nicene Creed
-Two Natures of Christ: Human and Divine
-Christology from above…conforming history with a developed theology of Christ |
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| Traditional Approach to Christology has its origins in 3 Christological Councils, they are: |
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-Nicea
-Ephesis
-Chalcedon |
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| Christology from Above (High Christology) |
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-“God became man in Jesus of Nazareth”
-Incarnation: becomes the starting point for everything else in Christology
-Messiahship, Pre-existence, Divinity |
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-Gospels are primarily a record of faith addressed to a particular community
-Three stages of the Gospel Tradition:
1. What Jesus did and taught during his life time (the world before the text)
2. What the Apostles experienced, taught and handed down in the light of the Resurrection
3. Editing and transmission of the Gospels…through preaching , teaching and practice. |
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| The Divine and Human in Jesus' Incarnation come together |
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| Unique relationship between two natures |
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| neither ____ is mingled with or destroyed by the other |
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| the spiritual domain over which God is sovereign |
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| A prominent heretical movement of the 2nd-century Christian Church, partly of pre-Christian origin. Gnostic doctrine taught that the world was created and ruled by a lesser divinity, the demiurge, and that Christ was an emissary of the remote supreme divine being, esoteric knowledge (gnosis) of whom enabled the redemption of the human spirit |
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| refers to a proposed motif primarily in the Gospel of Mark in which Jesus is portrayed as commanding his followers to silence about his Messianic mission |
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| The embodiment of God the Son in human flesh as Jesus Christ |
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