Term
| Where is the urine formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 2 ureters carry urine from ______ to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ takes the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the urinary system? |
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Definition
-remove excess salts and nitrogenous waste
-maintains water and electrolyte balance
-helps maintain acid/base balance |
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Term
| The _____ kidney is slightly higher than the ______ kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the indented area on the medial side of each kidney called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The outermost covering of the kidney is called the ___ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| There is an expanded funnel shape portion where the urethra first goes into the kidney, this is the ____ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are 2 or 3 branches from the renal pelvis, these are called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Each major calyx have several... |
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Definition
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Term
| The cone shaped masses of tissue at the end of the minor calyx are the... |
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Definition
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Term
| All renal pyramids comdined together form the... |
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Definition
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Term
| The outside of the renal medulla is the ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Between the pyramids is cortex-like tissue but they are not called cortex they are... |
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Definition
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Term
| The tip of each pyramid fits into a minor calyx, the tip is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| What comes out of the pierced holes of the renal papilla? |
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Definition
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Term
| After the renal artery enters the renal hilus it branches into...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Interlobar arteries travel through the renal columns to the base of the pyramids and branch to form...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Arising from the arcuate arteries are the ____ ____ which travel into the cortex. |
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Definition
| interlobular arteries (cortical radiate arteries) |
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Term
| Interlobular arteries give rise to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Afferent arteries lead into ____ and give rise to an extensive network of capillaries called a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic, urine forming structures |
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Term
| One kidney has about how many nephrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a glomeruli between an arteriole and venule, or between two arterioles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each glomerulus is surrounded by a cup-like structure called... |
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Definition
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Term
| A bowman capsule is made of what kind of tissue? |
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Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Bowman capsule open into the... |
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Definition
| proximal convuluted tubule (PCT) |
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Term
| What is a PCT composed of? |
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Definition
| simple cuboidal epithelium with extensive microvilli |
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Term
| The only place in a nephron where you will find microvilli is in the what? |
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Definition
| PCT proximal convuluted tubule |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| After the ascending limb of the loop of henle is the... |
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Definition
| distal convuluted tubule (DCT) |
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Term
| The DCT leads into the... |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do nephrons fit into the kidney? |
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Definition
| the loops of henle and collecting ducts are in the renal medulla. Bowmans capsule and the convuluted tubules are in the renal cortex |
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Term
| The efferent arterioles give rise to... |
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Definition
| the peritubular capillary system |
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Term
| What is the peritubular capillary system? |
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Definition
| An extensive network of capillaries surrounding all parts of the nephron (except the glomerulus) |
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Term
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Definition
| this refers to the peritubular capillaries in the medulla (those around the loop of henle and collecting duct) |
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Term
| Where the DCT touches the afferent arteriole is the... |
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Definition
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Term
| What do juxtaglomerular cells do? |
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Definition
| monitor renal blood pressure and release renin |
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Term
| Urine formation requires what 3 processes? |
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Definition
1. glomerular filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion |
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Term
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Definition
1st step in urine formation
-the movement of fluid out of the capillaries of the glomerulus and into the Bowmans capsule. |
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Term
| What is the fluid involved in glomerular filtration? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| just like what becomes interstitial fluid elsewhere, NO rbc's, few plasma proteins |
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Term
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Definition
2nd stage in urine formation
-the movement of substances out of the nephron and into the peritubular capillaries |
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Term
| What happens to the fluid during reabsorption? |
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Definition
We save the "good stuff" ie: water, glucose, and some salts
We eliminate hydrogen ions (acids) |
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Term
|
Definition
Last stage of urine formation
- the movement of substances from peritubular capillaries and interstitial fluid into the nephron (concentrating on bad stuff) for elimination. |
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Term
| Glomerular Filtration Rates |
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Definition
How much fluid leaves glomerulus and enters Bowmans capsule and how fast
Increased fluid = increased pressure |
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Term
| Pressure in the glomerulus tends to be higher or lower than that of other capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| The average adult with both kidneys has a GFR of what? |
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Definition
| 125ml/min or 180 liters/day (45 gallons) |
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Term
| Kidneys recieve __% of cardiac output |
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Definition
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Term
| How many times a day does the bodys plasma filter through the kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do we need hypertonic or hypotonic urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do we find the most hypertonic interstitial fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| It is essential that the kidneys save _____ and produce _____tonic urine |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone controls the permeability of the collecting ducts to water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of tissue line the bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a female where is the urethral opening? |
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Definition
| Between the folds of the labia minora |
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Term
| About how long is the female urethra? |
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Definition
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Term
| About how long is the male urethra? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gland does the male urethra pass through? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal pH level? |
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Definition
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Term
| If pH drops to 7.0, an individual is considered to be in... |
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Definition
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Term
| Acidosis can result in _____ if not immediately corrected? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the pH reaches 7.8, an individual is considered to be in... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary source of H+ in the body? |
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Definition
| an indirect outcome of cellular respiration and the resulting production of CO2 |
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Term
| Interuppted breathing will result in... |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperventilation will result in... |
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Definition
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Term
| Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids and the resulting formation of acidic ketones is another source of... |
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Definition
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Term
| Conditions of starvation, crash diets, and/or lack of insulin will cause significant increasing amounts of _______, and increasing ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 mechanisms by which pH is controlled? |
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Definition
1. buffer systems
2. respiratory control
3. renal control |
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Term
| How do buffer systems help control pH? |
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Definition
| Help prevent wide swings in pH over short periods of time |
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Term
| Most buffer systems are composed of a combination of a ____ and a ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the bicarbonate buffer system consist of? |
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Definition
| The weak acid-carbonic acid and the weak base-sodium bicarbonate |
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Term
| How does respiratory control, control pH? |
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Definition
| Breathing rates affect pH by controlling PCO2. Altered breathing rates can affect pH in minutes |
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Term
| How does renal control, control pH? |
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Definition
| The kidneys help control pH by secreting hydrogen ions and reabsorping bicarbonate ions. It takes the kidneys several hours up to a few days to effectively alter pH |
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Term
| Among the most important electrolytes are... |
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Definition
| sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphates, bicarbonate, and sulfate |
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Term
| Most electrolytes are obtained in ____, and are lost via _____, ______, and ______. |
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Definition
| obtained in food, lost via urine, sweat and feces |
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Term
| If either water balance or electrolyte balance is dehydrated what happens? |
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Definition
| The effective concentration of the electrolytes is increased. |
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Term
| What hormone is the primary regulator of water balance? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| urine, sweat, feces, and evaporation through the lungs |
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Term
| About how much fluid in the body is intracellular? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Components of extracellular fluid are... |
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Definition
| plasma, interstitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph serous, synovial fluid and humors of the eye |
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Term
| What is the most abundant postive extracellular electrolyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone controls sodium concentration? |
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Definition
| Aldosterone, which stimulates renal absorption of Na+ and renal secretion of K+. Also regulated by ANF |
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Term
| What hormones control potassium concentration? |
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Definition
| Aldosterone (renal secretion of K+) and ANF |
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Term
| What is the primary regulator of Ca++? |
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Definition
| PTH, promotes osteoclast activity, increases Ca absorption from the small intestine, and increase renal Ca reabsorption. Also can be regulated by calcitonin. |
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