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| Anaxagoras suggested sun was a hot glowing rock |
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| distance from sun to Earth is calculated |
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| sun's size and distance from earth becomes fairly well known |
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| Gravitational contraction theory |
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| Einstein publishes his paper titled E=mc^2 |
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| discover sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion |
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| discover sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion |
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| Sun must be creating a lot of energy from 150 million km aways; reasons why could include= cooling ember that had once been much hotter or chemical burning similar to coal or wood burning. |
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| New theory called gravitational contraction theory=shrinking gas cloud creates kinetic energy which heats up the core and creates a temperature increase. |
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| calculations from gravitational contraction theory |
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| predicted sun to be 25 million years old,however Geologists said earth is much older than 25 million years b/c of carbon dating. |
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| Layers of the sun (from inner most to outer most) |
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| Core...Radiative Zone...Convection Zone...Photosphere...Chromosphere...Corona |
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| List of Sun's layers from most dense to least dense |
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| Core...Radiative Zone...Convection Zone...Photosphere...Chromosphere...Corona |
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| Temperature of interior layers from hottest to lowest temperature and what are their temps |
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| Core (15 million K)...Radiative Zone (n/a)...Convection Zone (n/a)...Photosphere (5,800-6,000 K) |
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| Temperature of atmosphere layers from hottest to lowest temperature and what are their temps |
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| Corona (millions of K)...Chromosphere (25,000-500,000 K)...Photosphere (5,800-6,000 K) |
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| How long does it take the Sun's equator to make a full revolution? How long does it take an area towards the northern tip of the sun to revolve? |
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| What causes the magnetism in the sun? |
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| Who is known as Father of spectroscopy? |
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| This element (2nd most abundant element in the universe) was discovered in the spectrum of the sun before it was discovered on Earth. |
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| The effect that shifts the wavelengths of spectral features in objects that are moving towards or away from the observer. |
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| Deep in the heart of the sun the battle between these two forces play out to hold it together |
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| The overall result of the proton-proton chain is: |
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| The practice of making a planet more Earth-like is called: |
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| When the sun begins to exhaust its nuclear fuel, it will: |
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Definition
| Swell up into a red giant |
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| The sun will eventually eject off its gaseous outer layer and expose its core called: |
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| The ejected layers are now ionized by the central white dwarf. These objects are called: |
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| Planetary nebula usually last for how many years? |
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| Once the central white dwarf star cools after a few million years, the star no longer radiates and becomes a: |
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| Which of these is ranked based on their temp from least to greatest? |
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| Photosphere, Chromosphere, Corona |
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| Nearly all of the visible light we see from the sun is emitted from: |
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| In the late 1800's, Kelvin and Helanholtz suggested that the sun stays hot due to... |
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Definition
| gravitational contraction |
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| How does the Sun's mass compare to the Earth's mass |
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| The sun's mass is 300,000 times the mass of the Earth's |
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| What are the appropriate units for the Sun's luminosity? |
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| Every second the Sun converts ~600 million tons of hydrogen into 576 million tons of Helium. The remaining 4 million tons of mass is... |
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Definition
| Converted into pure energy through E=mc^2 |
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| How can we measure the strength of magnetic fields on the Sun? |
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Definition
| Looking for the splitting of spectral lines in the sun's spectrum (the zeeman effect) |
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| When we say the Sun is a ball of plasma, we mean that? |
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| it consists of gas in which many or most of the atoms are ionized (missing electrons) |
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| What is the life cycle of a star? |
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1. (Protostar) A disturbance or shockwave triggers the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud.
2. Collapsing gas releases gravitational potential energy which converts into heat.
3. (Star becomes alive when...)Core temp. reaches 10 million K, proton-proton chain reactions begin.
4. (Main Sequence/where our sun is today) Hydrostatic equilibrium is achieved between pressure and gravity.
5. (Red Giant) Helium core builds up, a thin layer of fusing hydrogen surrounding it causes the star to cool and expand.
6. (Planetary Nebula) Helium core ignites and reactions cause huge pulsations to give outer layers enough Kinetic Energy to be ejected.
7. (Planetary nebula/ white dwarf..Star dies) In the center of the nebula remains the core of the star, now made mostly of degenerate carbon and oxygen.
8. (Black dwarf) The core will cool to a dark cinder. |
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| Egyptians came up with Sothis year, based on Sirius returning to same position in sky (365.25 days). Used for agricultural planting |
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| Babylonia developed ideas of constellations from their myths and religion |
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| Old Babylonia created the Enuma anu Enlil that were ancient texts in cuneiform, written were omens and how celestial objects effected mundane life |
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| 800 BCE Assyrian Astronomy |
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| blended astronomy and astrology to study the stars in order to predict significant events on Earth as related to Kings |
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| could predict planetary motions and were the ones to implement the sexagesimal system |
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| great geometers and philosophers. began to explain the movements of the planets by assuming Earth was the center of the Universe |
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| first to refuse to accept supernatural/mystical explanations for natural phenomena and successfully predicted a solar eclipse |
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| first known to have written down his studies and was first to develop a mechanical model of the world (geocentric) believed earth was flat-topped cylinder. |
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Sphere of the stars-outer most
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Sun
Venus
Mercury
Moon
Earth |
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mathematician
prime inspiration for Plato and Aristotle |
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brought philosophy to athens
attempted to scientifically account for eclipses, meteors, rainbows |
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