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| first conjugation vowel change |
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| second conjugation vowel change |
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| third conjugation vowel change |
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| third i-stem and fourth conjugation vowel change |
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| third and third i-stem vowel |
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| to form the imperfect subjunctive |
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| 1. take the present active infinitive 2. lengthen the final e 3. add active or passive endings |
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| to form the perfect active subjunctive |
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| add the infix -eri- to stem of third principle part |
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| to form the pluperfect active subjunctive |
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| add the infix -isse- to the third principle part |
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| to form the perfect passive subjunctive |
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| take the fourth principle part and add the present subjunctive of sum as a separate word |
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| to form the pluperfect passive subjunctive |
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| take fourth principle part and add the imperfect subjunctive of sum as a separate word |
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(1st person) present sub 1st/3rd:"Let..."
(2nd/3rd person) present sub 2nd=imperative
Negative Commands (2nd) present or perfect "do not..."
ne |
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present or future time present or perfect "might," "could," "would"
past time imperfect "might have," "could have," "would have"
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utinam
Future capable of fufillment present "if only...would...," "may..."
Present incapable of fufillment imperfect "if only...were..."
past incapable of fufillment pluperfect "if only...had..."
ne |
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| the subordinate or "if" clause of a conditional sentence |
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| Present subjunctive in both protasis and apodosis; "should" in protasis, "would" in apodosis |
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| imperfect subjunctive in both; "were" in protasis, "would" in apodosis |
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| both verbs in pluperfect subjunctive; "had" in protasis, "would have" in apodosis |
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| protasis in present subjunctive, apodosis in future indicative; "should" in protasis, "will" in apodosis |
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| protasis in pluperfect subjunctive, apodosis in imperfect subjunctive; "had" in protasis, "would" in apodosis |
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