Shared Flashcard Set

Details

the nervous system
test for nervous system
189
Anatomy
Professional
12/23/2011
Click here to study/print these flashcards.

Create your own flash cards! Sign up here.

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 

 

Cards

Term
Which of the following is a function of the motor division of the nervous system?
 Definition
sending signals to muscles
Term
The brain and spinal cord comprise the
 Definition
central nervous system
Term
The three general functions of the nervous system are
 Definition
sensory, motor, and integrative
Term
nformation received by the brain concerning internal or external environmental conditions is called a(n)
 Definition
sensation.
Term
In general, the nervous system
 Definition
is fast acting.
Term
The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the
 Definition
afferent division.
Term
Most neurons in the brain are
 Definition
multipolar
Term
Neurons normally derive ATP solely through
 Definition
aerobic respiration.
Term
The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the
 Definition
astrocytes.
Term
The cytoplasmic extensions that, together with the cell body, provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are the
 Definition
dendrites.
Term
Which of the following is a function of neurons?
 Definition
information processing
Term
The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the
 Definition
astrocytes
Term
The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by
 Definition
oligodendrocytes.
Term
Which of the following is a glial cell?
 Definition
A) astrocytes
B) Schwann cells
C) oligodendrocytes
D) microglia
Term
Small phagocytic cells that are especially obvious in damaged tissue in the CNS are the
 Definition
microglia.
Term
The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by
 Definition
Schwann cells.
Term
Cells responsible for information processing and transfer are
 Definition
neurons
Term
Aggregations of ribosomes in neurons are referred to as
 Definition
Nissl bodies
Term
Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called
 Definition
collaterals.
Term
Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite with the soma between them are called
 Definition
bipolar.
Term
Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon extending away from the soma are called
 Definition
multipolar
Term
Interneurons
 Definition
are found only in the central nervous system.
Term
Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains
 Definition
why these neurons cannot regenerate.
Term
The polarization of a nerve fiber refers to having the
 Definition
potassium ions inside the cell and sodium outside the cell
Term
Saltatory conduction
 Definition
is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon.
Term
is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon.
 Definition
thick, myelinated axons.
Term
Opening of sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in
 Definition
depolarization.
Term
The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential.
 Definition

4.A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold.

6.Sodium channel activation occurs

7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs.

1. Sodium channels are inactivated

2. Potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization.
3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties

5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs.
Term
When a neuron is at rest, which ion passes through its membrane most easily?
 Definition
potassium
Term
The all-or-none principle states that
 Definition
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
Term
During continuous conduction,
 Definition
local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane
Term
If a resting potential becomes more negative, the cell
 Definition
hyperpolarizes.
Term
A neuron that is excited to subthreshold is said to be
 Definition
acilitated.
Term
Which of the following is a function of the brain interstitium?
 Definition
provides a medium for nerve impulse transmission
Term
If the sodium–potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function,
 Definition
A) the extracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase.
B) the intracellular concentration of sodium ions will increase.
C) the membrane will lose its capacity to generate action potentials.
D) the inside of the membrane will have a resting potential that is more positive than normal.
Term
Tetrodotoxin is a toxin that blocks the sodium channels from opening. What effect would this have on the function of neurons?
 Definition
The neurons would not be able to propagate action potentials.
Term
Neurotransmitters are released from the
 Definition
synaptic terminals/knobs
Term
Synaptic knobs occur at the ends of
 Definition
dendrites
Term

What contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates?

 Definition
subarachnoid space
Term
Which type of synapse dominates the nervous system?
 Definition
chemical
Term
The ion needed to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is
 Definition
calcium
Term
Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter
 Definition
norepinephrine.
Term
The processing of the same information at the same time by several neuronal pools is called
 Definition
parallel processing.
Term
Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order
 Definition
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
Term
The following is a series of events that occur at a typical cholinergic synapse. Place the events in the correct sequence
 Definition

2. Arriving action potential depolarizes the synaptic knob and the presynaptic membrane.

1. Calcium ions enter the cytoplasm of the synaptic knob and ACh release occurs.

6. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
7. Sodium channels on postsynaptic surface are activated, producing a graded depolarization.

4. ACh release ceases because calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the synaptic knob.

3. Depolarization ends as ACh is broken down into acetate and choline by AChE

5. The synaptic knob reabsorbs choline from the synaptic cleft and uses it to resynthesize ACh.
Term
The specialized membranes that protect the spinal cord are termed
 Definition
spinal meninges
Term
Blood vessels servicing the spinal cord are found in the
 Definition
pia mater
Term
The dural sinuses are located in the
 Definition
dura mater.
Term
49) Diffusion across the arachnoid villi returns excess CSF to
 Definition
C) venous circulation
Term
Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because
 Definition
these spaces compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain.
Term
The projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called
 Definition
horns.
Term
Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear
 Definition
white
Term
Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the
 Definition
gray commissures
Term
The white matter of the spinal cord contains
 Definition
bundles of axons that share common origins, destinations, and functions.
Term
Enlargements of the spinal cord occur
 Definition
in segments of the spinal cord that control the limbs
Term
The entire spinal cord is divided into ________ segments.
 Definition
31
Term
The horns of the spinal cord contain
 Definition
nerve cell bodies.
Term
The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain
 Definition
sensory nuclei.
Term
Gray matter in the spinal cord is mostly
 Definition
interneurons.
Term
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,
 Definition
incoming sensory information would be disrupted
Term
Which of the following link(s) the cerebral hemispheres with the brain stem?
 Definition
diencephalon
Term
The walls of the diencephalon form the
 Definition
thalamus.
Term
The part of the brain that functions to control skeletal muscles is the
 Definition
cerebral cortex.
Term
Major centers concerned with autonomic control of breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and digestive activities are located in the
 Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
A neural cortex is found on the surface of the
 Definition

A) cerebrum

C) cerebellum
Term
The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the
 Definition
fourth.
Term
The visual cortex is located in the
 Definition
occipital lobe.
Term
Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are
 Definition
association areas.
Term
The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the
 Definition
cerebrum
Term
If Broca's area is damaged, what might result?
 Definition
loss of ability to speak
Term
The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the
 Definition
longitudinal fissure.
Term
The area anterior to the central sulcus is the
 Definition
frontal lobe.
Term
The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the
 Definition
temporal lobe.
Term
The primary connection between cerebral hemispheres is the
 Definition
corpus callosum.
Term
The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the
 Definition
Stimulation of the reticular formation results in
Term
The ________ acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscious and unconscious sensory and motor pathways.
 Definition
diencephalon
Term
Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the
 Definition
C) cerebellum.
Term
Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the
 Definition
cerebellum.
Term
What is the function of the cerebral association areas?
 Definition
B) memory
C) reasoning
D) learning
Term
The basal nuclei include which of the following?
 Definition
caudate nucleus
Term
Which of the following is glandular tissue?
 Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
Which part of the following develops from the forebrain?
 Definition
thalamus
Term
The cerebrum is separated from the cerebellum by the
 Definition
transverse fissure.
Term
Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?
 Definition
postural reflexes
Term
Brain waves found on an EEG in normal adults under resting conditions are
 Definition
alpha waves
Term
Complex motor activities such as riding a bicycle or eating
 Definition
require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain.
Term
The highest levels of information processing occur in the
 Definition
cerebrum.
Term
The area of the CNS most concerned with balance is the
 Definition
cerebellum.
Term
After suffering a stroke, Cindy finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the
 Definition
left frontal lobe.
Term
disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words is termed
 Definition
dyslexia
Term
________ refers to the loss of memory from disease or trauma.
 Definition
Amnesia
Term
The phrenic nerves arise from the
 Definition
cervical plexus.
Term
The area of skin supplied by sensory nerve fibers from a particular dorsal root is called a
 Definition
dermatome
Term
The nerve that controls the biceps brachii muscle is the
 Definition
musculocutaneous.
Term
Nerves exit the vertebral canal through
 Definition
B) intervertebral foramina.
C) sacral foramina.
Term
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.
 Definition
12
Term
The only cranial nerve that is attached to the cerebrum is the
 Definition
olfactory.
Term
The cranial nerves that are involved in sensing taste are
 Definition
VII, IX, and X
Term
The cranial nerve that has three branches is the
 Definition
vagus.
Term
The cranial nerves that are primarily sensory include
 Definition
I, II, and VIII.
Term
Motor innervation of the muscles of facial expression is through the
 Definition
B) facial nerve
Term
Damage to which of the following cranial nerves could result in death?
 Definition
vagus
Term
Which of the following pairs is not properly matched?
 Definition
lumbar spinal nerves: 4
Term
Muscles of the intercostal spaces are innervated by nerves from the
 Definition
thoracic region.
Term
Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate
 Definition
the leg muscles.
Term
The joining of adjacent spinal nerves is termed a
 Definition
plexus.
Term
Neural reflexes
 Definition
A) are automatic motor responses.
B) are triggered by specific stimuli.
C) help preserve homeostasis.
D) show little variability in response.
Term
Reflexes help to control
 Definition
A) heart rate.
B) blood pressure.
C) digestion.
D) pupil size.
Term
Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of the ________ reflex.
 Definition
withdrawal
Term
The expected response to the triceps-jerk reflex is
 Definition
elbow extension.
Term
In which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater?
 Definition
a reflex that involves many synapses
Term
An abnormal stretch response would indicate
 Definition
E) All of the above are possible, and more tests would be necessary.
Term
Another name for the patellar reflex is the
 Definition
knee-jerk reflex.
Term
Which of the following are capable of producing the more complex reflexes?
 Definition
polysynaptic reflexes
Term
Golgi tendon organs
 Definition
are found within joint capsules.
Term
The flexor reflex
 Definition
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.
Term
The established motor patterns for walking, running, and jumping are primarily directed by neuronal pools in the
 Definition
spinal cord
Term
Reflexes that humans are born with are called
 Definition
innate.
Term
Which of the following are responsible for reciprocal inhibition?
 Definition
interneurons in the spinal cord
Term
Which of the following is abnormal in the adult?
 Definition
Babinski sign
Term
Which of the following is a descending tract?
 Definition
corticospinal
Term
The spinothalamic tract conducts impulses
 Definition
up the spinal cord to the thalamus.
Term
corticospinal tracts function in the control of
 Definition
skeletal muscles.
Term
The motor nerve tracts that link the cerebellum with the brain stem are contained within the
 Definition
cerebellar peduncles.
Term
Bundles of axons in the spinal cord are called
 Definition
tracts.
Term
Ascending tracts
 Definition
carry sensory information to the brain.
Term
The spinal tract or pathway that carries highly localized sensory information concerning fine touch and pressure is (are) the
 Definition
posterior column.
Term
The spinal tract or pathway that carries information regulating skeletal muscle tone is the
 Definition
medial and lateral.
Term
Which of the following is a descending tract or pathway of the spinal cord?
 Definition
C) corticospinal
D) medial and lateral
Term
Which of the following is located in the posterior column?
 Definition
asciculus gracilis
Term
Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the
 Definition
corticospinal pathway.
Term
The area of sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the
 Definition
number of sensory receptors in the area of the body.
Term
The most sensitive area of the body is the
 Definition
face
Term
An autonomic motor neuron whose cell body lies in the CNS is called a(n)
 Definition
preganglionic neuron.
Term
Control of the viscera is the job of the
 Definition
brain
Term
Which of the following are usually adrenergic fibers?
 Definition
sympathetic postganglionic
Term
The autonomic division of the nervous system direct
 Definition
processes that maintain homeostasis.
Term
Control of glands is through the
 Definition
ANS
Term
Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually
 Definition
connected to effector organs
Term
The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity and stress is the
 Definition
sympathetic division.
Term
The division of the autonomic nervous system that maintains homeostasis during stressful conditions is the
 Definition
sympathetic division
Term
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the
 Definition
gray matter of segments TI to L2 of the spinal cord.
Term
Nerves that innervate organs in the ventral body cavities are the
 Definition
autonomic nerves.
Term
Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers EXCEPT one. Identify the exception.
 Definition
decreased
Term
Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder and sex organs is by way of the
 Definition
inferior mesenteric ganglion
Term
There is(are) ________ sympathetic collateral ganglia located in the abdominal cavity.
 Definition
three
Term
Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons can be found in cranial nerve
 Definition
A) III.
B) VII.
C) IX.
D)X
Term
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the
 Definition
vagus nerve
Term
Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include
 Definition
increased secretion by digestive glands.
Term
Increased parasympathetic stimulation
 Definition
increases the general level of activity of the digestive system.
Term
Dual innervation refers to
 Definition
an organ receiving both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
Term
Proper control of the respiratory passages depends upon
 Definition
D) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.
Term
All of the nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system comprises the _________________________ nervous system.
 Definition
peripheral
Term
The _________________________ division of the nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system.
 Definition
afferent
Term
The _________________________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.
 Definition
autonomic
Term
The _________________________ of the neuron is the cell body.
 Definition
soma
Term
The gaps between adjacent Schwann cells along the length of an axon are called _________________________.
 Definition
nodes
Term
The minimum amount of stimulus required to depolarize an excitable membrane and generate an action potential is known as the _________________________.
 Definition
threshold
Term
The time during which an excitable membrane cannot respond to further stimulation is the _________________________.
 Definition
refractory period
Term
An action potential traveling along an axon is called a(n) _________________________.
 Definition
nerve impulse
Term
The layer of lipid around an axon is called _________________________.
 Definition
myelin
Term
When more than one stimulus is added together, it is called _________________________.
 Definition
summation
Term
Adrenergic neurons release the neurotransmitter _________________________.
 Definition
norepinephrine
Term
Cholinergic neurons release the neurotransmitter _________________________.
 Definition
acetylcholine
Term
The _________________________ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain.
 Definition
pia mater
Term
The fluid that surrounds and bathes the central nervous system is _________________________.
 Definition
cerebrospinal fluid or CSF
Term
_________________________ are chambers within the brain that contain CSF.
 Definition
Ventricles
Term
The _________________________ ventricle is at the level of the pons and cerebellum
 Definition
fourth
Term
CSF is drained through the _________________________.
 Definition
arachnoid granulations
Term
The _________________________ root contains motor axons.
 Definition
ventral
Term
The _________________________ system controls emotion.
 Definition
limbic
Term
The lowest structure in the CNS is the _________________________.
 Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
The major motor cortex of the cerebrum is located in the _________________________ gyrus.
 Definition
precentral
Term
The major sensory cortex of the cerebrum is located in the _________________________ gyrus.
 Definition
postcentral
Term
The _________________________ plexus is located between the neck and the axilla.
 Definition
brachial
Term
The _________________________ nerve is pinched in carpal tunnel syndrome.
 Definition
median
Term
The trigeminal nerve is cranial nerve _________________________.
 Definition
v(5)
Term
The optic nerve is cranial nerve _________________________.
 Definition
ll(2)
Term
The vestibulocochlear (acoustic) nerve is cranial nerve _________________________.
 Definition
vlll (8)
Term
The _________________________ nerve innervates the diaphragm.
 Definition
phrenic
Term
The radial nerve arises from the _________________________ plexus and functions to _________________________ muscles of the forearm, arm, and hand.
 Definition
brachial; extend
Term
The groin is served by the _________________________ nerve.
 Definition
obturator
Term
The quadriceps muscles are controlled by the _________________________ nerve.
 Definition
femoral
Term
_________________________ reflexes involve skeletal muscles
 Definition
Somatic
Term
_________________________ reflexes involve visceral organs.
 Definition
Visceral
Term
The _________________________ pathway exercises voluntary control of skeletal muscles throughout the body.
 Definition
pyramidal or corticospinal
Term
The "rest and digest" division of the ANS is the _________________________.
 Definition
parasympathetic
Term
Nerves that control normal digestive activity come from the _________________________ division of the ANS.
 Definition
parasympathetic
Term
The "fight or flight" division of the ANS is the _________________________.
 Definition
sympathetic
Supporting users have an ad free experience!