Term
| What are the two parts of the Pericardium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What characterizes the Fibrous Pericardium? |
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Definition
| Tough, unyielding outer connective tissue layer |
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Term
| What characterizes the Serous Pericardium? |
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Definition
| Consists of two layers, Parietal and Visceral |
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Term
| What is the Pericardial Cavity? |
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Definition
| The space between the Parietal and Visceral layers of the Serous Pericardium |
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Term
| Describe the Parietal layer of the Serous Pericardium |
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Definition
| Lines inner surface of the Fibrous Pericardium |
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Term
Describe the Visceral layer of the Serous Pericardium
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Definition
| Tightly adhered to the myocardium as Epicardium |
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Term
| What is the primary blood supply for the Pericardium? |
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Definition
| Pericardiacophrenic Arteries |
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Term
| What is the secondary blood supply to the Pericardium? |
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Definition
| Musculophrenic Arteries and Thoracic Aorta |
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Term
| What innervates the Pericardium? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic trunks, the Vagus Nerve, and the Phrenic Nerve |
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Term
| What nerve supplies pain sensations for the Pericardium/ |
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Definition
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Term
| Where would referred pain from the pericardium most likely be felt? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the locations of the Serous Pericardial Sinuses? |
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Definition
| One around the Pulmonary Trunk and Aorta and another around the Pulmonary Veins and Superior/Inferior Vena Cava |
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Term
| Where is the Oblique Pericardial Sinus located? |
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Definition
| Reflections onto the pulmonary veins |
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Term
| What forms the Transverse Pericardial Sinus? |
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Definition
| Two reflections forming a passageway behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk |
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Term
| Why is the Transverse Pericardial Sinus clinically important? |
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Definition
| It serves as a vital landmark for cardiac surgeons, allowing them to raise the ascending aorta or pulmonary trunk with a finger for clamp placement during coronary bypass surgery. |
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Term
| Describe the orientation and components of the base of the heart |
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Definition
| Directed posteriorly, consists of Left Atrium, proximal section of the great veins, and a portion of the Right Atrium |
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Term
| Describe the orientation and components of the Apex of the Heart |
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Definition
| Directed anteriorly and to the left, consists of the inferolateral part of the left ventricle |
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Term
| What constitutes the Inferior Margin of the heart? |
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Definition
| The sharp edge between the anterior and diaphragmatic surfaces |
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Term
What constitutes the Obtuse Margin of the heart?
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Definition
| The separation between the Anterior and Left Pulmonary surfaces |
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Term
| What are the four chambers of the heart? |
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Definition
| Left and Right Atrium, Left and Right Ventricle |
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Term
| What unique openings are in the Right Atrium? |
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Definition
| Openings of the Superior/Inferior Vena Cava, Opening of Coronary Sinus |
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Term
| Where is the Crista Terminalis located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Sinus Venarum? |
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Definition
| Smooth posterior wall of the Right Atrium |
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Term
| What is the clinical importance of the Fossa Ovalis? |
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Definition
| Does not always close completely after birth, allowing for probe patency |
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Term
| What does the Fossa Ovalis originally develop from? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Conus Arteriosus is unique to what? |
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Definition
| The Right Ventricle, gives rise to the Pulmonary Trunk |
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Term
| The Tricuspid Valve and Pulmonary Valve are located where? |
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Definition
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Term
| What separates the right and left atria of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What opening is unique to the Left Atrium? |
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Definition
| Opening for Pulmonary Veins |
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Term
| Which ventricle is thicker? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Bicuspid Mitral Valve and Aortic Valve is found where? |
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Definition
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Term
| The portion unique to the left ventricle that possesses fibrous walls in place of musclar walls is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe circulation through the right side of the heart |
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Definition
| Body -> Superior/Inferior Vena Cava -> R. Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> R. Ventricle -> Pulmonary Valve -> Pulmonary Trunk -> Lungs |
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Term
| Describe circulation through the left side of the heart |
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Definition
| Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> L. Atrium -> Bicuspid Valve -> L. Ventricle -> Aortic Valve -> Aorta -> Body |
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Term
| When Atria contract, the A-V valves undergo what action? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the Ventricles contract, the A-V valves undergo what action? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Chordae Tendinae? |
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Definition
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Term
| What produces the first of the two heart sounds (lubb)? |
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Definition
| Closure of the A-V valves |
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Term
| When are the pulmonary and aortic valves open? |
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Definition
| During Ventricular Contraction |
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Term
| What closes the pulmonary and aortic valves? |
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Definition
| Recoil of blood filling the aortic and pulmonary sinuses, preventing back flow |
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Term
| What produces the second heart sound (dupp)? |
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Definition
| Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves |
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Term
| What is included in the proper examination of the heart? |
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Definition
| Visual Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation |
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Term
| What is the upper boarder of the right side of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the upper boarder of the left side of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the right margin of the heart? |
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Definition
| 3rd Costal Cartilage to almost 6th Costal Cartilage |
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Term
| What is the left margin of the heart? |
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Definition
| 2nd intercostal space to 5th intercostal space |
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Term
| What is the lower margin of the heart? |
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Definition
| 6th Costal Cartilage at Sternum and 5th Intercostal Space near Mid-Clavicular Line |
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Term
| Where do you listen for the Aortic Valve? |
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Definition
| Medial end of Right 2nd Intercostal Space |
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Term
Where do you listen for the Pulmonary Valve?
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Definition
| Medial end of Left 2nd Intercostal Space |
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Term
Where do you listen for the Tricuspid Valve?
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Definition
| Just to the Left of the Sternum near the 5th Intercostal Space |
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Term
Where do you listen for the Mitral Valve?
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Definition
| Left 5th Intercostal Space at Mid-Clavicular Line |
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Term
| Where are heart sounds generally best heart in relation to the valve? |
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Definition
| Downstream from the flow of blood through the valve. |
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Term
| What is the primary cause of Calcific Aortic Stenosis |
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Definition
| Age related to wear & tear |
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Term
| What are warning signs of Calcified Aortic Stenosis? |
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Definition
| Systolic Murmur, L. Ventricle Hypertrophy, Angina, Syncope, Heart Failure, Arrhythmia |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrowing of the orrifice of the Mitral Valve |
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Term
| What are nearly all cases of Mitral Stenosis caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the physiological consequence of Mitral Stenosis? |
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Definition
| Restricted flow from Left Atrium to Left Ventricle, causing increased pressure on the pulmonary arteries and regurgitation into the Right Ventricle |
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Term
| What causes Right Ventricular Hypertrophy? |
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Definition
| Increased workload, possibly due to Mitral Stenosis |
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Term
| What suplies blood to the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is characteristic of a person with a right dominant coronary artery? |
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Definition
| Posterior Interventricular Branch arises from the Right Coronary Artery |
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Term
What is characteristic of a person with a left dominant coronary artery?
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Definition
| Posterior Interventricular Branch arises from an enlarged circumflex branch of the Left Coronary Artery |
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Term
| What drains blood from myocardium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the result of coronary artery blockage? |
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Definition
| Angina Pectoris or Myocardial Infarction |
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Term
| What characterizes Angina Pectoris? |
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Definition
| Intermitten chest pain caused by reversible cardiac ischemia |
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Term
| What characterizes Myocardial Infarction? |
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Definition
| A localized area of myocardial necrosis induced by local ischemia |
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Term
| What are the three most common sites of Coronary Artery Occlusion? |
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Definition
| Anterior Interventricular Branch of Left Coronary Artery, Circumflex Branch of Left Coronary Artery, Right Coronary Artery |
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Term
| What are the treatment options for vessel occlusion due to atherosclerosis? |
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Definition
| Angioplasty or Coronary Bypass Surgery |
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Term
| What is the function of the Cardiac Skeleton? |
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Definition
| Maintains structural integrity of the openings of the heart, provides a point of attachment for the valve cusps, electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles |
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Term
| What innervates the heart to maintain beating? |
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Definition
| Specialized myocardial cells |
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Term
| What effect does outside input have on the actions of the heart? |
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Definition
| Necessary to change the rate or force of contraction |
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