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| The __ is the term used for the historical period in Ancient Greece lasting roughly from the end of the Persian Wars to either the death of Pericles or the end of the Peloponnesian War |
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| __ was rebuilt after the Persian Wars with money from a Greek league of city states called Delian League |
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For nearly 50 years, Athens grew in artistic and intellectual learning, which is called __
Philosophy, literature (drama, poetry, and history), art (pottery, and sculpture), architecture, science (medicine) & politics reach new heights |
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Seek the truth; “lovers of wisdom”
__: loving
__: wisdom |
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| Philosophers; Philos; Sophia |
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| The Greeks (the philosophers) believed that the universe was put together in an orderly way and subject to absolute and unchanging laws. They believed that people could understand these laws through __ and __ |
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| They believed logic and reason was much superior to obeying the teachings of the Greek __ |
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| Challenged people to think for themselves and to discover the truth on their own; debated using reason and logic; refused pressure; questioned the traditions and political life of Athens; answered questions with questions |
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| __ was arrested on the command of the assembly for corrupting the youth of the city, questioning the state religion, questioning the principles for which the city was ruled, questioning the way the Athenians lived their lives; executed-death by drinking Hemlock; new Greek hero |
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| Student of Socrates who kept notes for him |
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| __: School of Philosophical thought centered around the unattainable ideal; Plato |
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-Only the most intelligent and educated people should be involved in government
-Class mobility should be forbidden
-Everyone had a political purpose and responsibility to the state, even artists
-It was the obligation of citizens in a utopian state |
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| The Republic (The ideal state) |
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| student of Plato; tutor to Alexander the Great; “Father of the Scientific method”; influenced European Universities |
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| Name of the physical school Aristole created |
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| Aristole was called this because he used logic and classified/categorized these thoughts |
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| method of answering a question with a question |
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| Greeks developed __ to understand nature and human passions which began with Homer; important to us now becuase of its Balance and Elegance |
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| performed with little/no scenery in large, outdoor arenas; used elaborate costumes and masks; based on popular myths and legends; used familiar stories |
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| Greek playwrights discussed __ and __ issues OR explored the relationship between the people and the gods |
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| serious drama about common themes such as human suffering, love, hate, war, and betrayal; features a tragic hero, often leads to a tragic ending |
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| First Greek tragic writer; wrote nearly 80 plays but 7 survived; Orestia |
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| Orestia is a __ (3 parts) focused on the consequences of one’s actions from generation to generation |
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| __ of Orestia: Agamemnon’s return from the Trojan War and is murdered by his wife (Clytemnestra) to avenge the sacrifice of their daughter. |
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| __ of Orestia: Agamemnon’s son, Orestes, avenges his father’s death by killing his mother |
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| __ of Orestia: Orestes stands trial in Athens; jury splits decision which leads to the goddess Athena intervening; She casts the deciding vote in favor of mercy |
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Moral of story of __:
-Law of community and not personal revenge should decide one’s punishment for crime
-Even the wealthy and powerful are faced with hardship |
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| __ wrote Oedipus Rex and Antigone |
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| a. Oedipus Rex, tragedy of fate Served as a general in the Athenian army(lived through most of the Peloponnesian War); wrote 120 plays but only 7 survived |
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| Oedipus Rex is a tragedy of __ |
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-Oedipus given riddle by Sphinx in Corinth (raised here)
-“What travels on four legs then two legs then three legs?” Answer: Man
-Traveled to Thebes, battled traveler and killed him
-Found out he killed the king
-Comforted queen and fell in love/married
-Traveler was his father; married his mother
-Blinds himself and goes into exile
-Moral: Don’t mess with the fates |
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-Sons of Oedipus go to war with each other over Kingdom
-King refuses body of brother to be buried because he betrayed motherland
-Sister (married to King’s son) attempts to bury brother anyway
-She is caught and put in cave
-Hung herself
-King’s son killed himself out of sadness
-King’s wife killed herself over son’s death
-Fatal mistake of King: lost all that he loves |
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-Focused on qualities humans posses that bring disaster on themselves
-Rarely wrote of gods and humans
-Hated war: survived the Pel War
-Wrote 19 plays showing the ugliness and misery of war |
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-Described the horrors of war
-Tells about women of Troy after city has been destroyed, husbands killed, and remaining families taken into slavery
-Explained why Greeks were no better than Trojans even though they won the war
-Truthfulness which led to unpopularity |
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| Most famous of comedy writers; used social satire: comedy was to poke fun at people/customs of the day |
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-About the Athenian government with officials portrayed
-Chorus of birds talk to the audience
-Discuss importance of birds to universe and terrible things done to them by humans
-Promises not to “poop” on them if the play wins 1st prize |
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| __ showed that the Athenians had the freedom to criticize themselves in public displays |
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| "Father of History"; went to many places he wrote about collecting info from people who may remember specific details; stressed importance of research; wrote The Histories |
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| Herodotus wrote The Histories about the __; called this which means to inquire |
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| Scientific historian; rejected gods as part of human history; stressed avoiding bias; wrote about Pel War; recorded speeches of Pericles |
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| Defending democracy; honor those who died fighting Sparta in the early stages of war |
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Types of potery:
Krater
__: used for holy oils |
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| Colors often __ with __ background or vice versa for Golden Age Potery |
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-They neither laughed nor were they angry – they were serene and calm
-Not always gods and heroes
-Life like and yet “ideal”
-Monumental size |
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| Directed the building of the Parthenon and in charge of the Parthenon’s sculptures |
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| __: 3-D sculpture (Parthanon) |
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| Statue of __ inside the Parthenon; made of ivory on wood core with stone flesh and gold draperies; warlike to commemorate the victory of Athens over Persia; holds shield, spear, helmet, Nike; monumental in size, 40 feet tall |
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| One of the 7 ancient wonders of the world; made of gold and ivory |
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-Life sized discus Thrower
-Intended to be viewed from the left
-Designed on a frontal plane
-Balanced by the arc of the arms and angle of the head and left leg
-Scoring includes excellence in form and distance the discus is thrown
-Shows an athlete’s excellent physical condition and mental control |
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| Evolved 1st by Dorians; simple, fluted and masculine |
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| Developed in Ionia; slender with spiral or shell shaped capital; slender, elegant, and feminine |
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| Developed in Corinth; more detailed modeled after leaves; ornate design; for wealthy people who were celebratory |
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-Located on Athenian Acropolis
-Doric Style
-Rectangular with 46 columns; gold iron in marble
-230 x 100 feet
-65 feet tall
-Dedication to Athena
-Optical illusion design used
-Columns thicker in the middle, thinner at top
-The Steps have a rise in the Center
-Appeared to be in perfect proportion |
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What happened to the Parthenon?
Roman conquest
15th century
1687 during the __ War |
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| Entrance gate to get to the acropolis |
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| Ionic style temple to Athena and Poseidon; porch of Maidens |
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-Father of Medicine
-Disease: not caused by gods
-Never give abortions or euthanize
-Hygiene
-Hippocratic Oath: enforced until the 20th century |
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| Re-elected annually; father of direct democracy |
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-Strengthened Athenian democracy (gave everyone the right to vote)
-Extended citizenship
-Strengthened the Athenian Empire
-Glorified Athens |
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-__ had to have projects funded, had to go to private means
-Forced the rich to make “donations” to the city
-Used money from the treasury of the Delian league to Athens
-Complaints: allies complained but Athenians supported Pericles because he gave them jobs and money |
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