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| in times of economic crisis, parents killed their children (infanticide). otherwise, they sent their children to overcrowded adoption agencies where they would die either way |
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| a warmer climate and agricultural innovations leads to what could be classified as an agricultural revolution. these two crops come from america, and become staples in europe. |
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| england moved from the open field system of cooperative farming, and began enclosing the land, and combining smaller nits into larger ones. england becomes a land of large estates. this system is more efficient, but there is less of a farming community. |
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| this bank, unlike other state banks, made loans. it accepted paper money. hatched the idea of a national debt, which was different from the monarch's debt. gave people opportunities. |
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| France tries to institute paper money like england. people got too excited, and drove the stock of john law's company too high, so the bubble burst, and law's company went bankrupt. this led to a loss of confidence in a national bank. |
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| the "putting-out" or "domestic system" or "cotage industry" |
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| people would work from home to create artifacts, and then sell them back to the merchants that would bring the raw materials. it allowed families to stay together, and was only possible because of innovations. mostly textiles. |
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| Richard Arkwright's "water-frame" |
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| turned out yarn much faster than was possible before, and this made the cottage industry possible |
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| aristocrats lived in opulence, and they all had country houses so that they could have greater privacy. |
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| a young man who goes on a grand tour to educate himself. |
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| many aristocratic young men go on tours of europe to become knowledgeable. they are usually accompanied by tutors. |
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| popular tourist attractions on the Grand Tour |
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| london was the biggest city in europe. however, urban dwellers were vastly outnumbered by peasants. |
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| unlicensed beggars comprised 13-15% of the urban population. prostitution was an alternative to begging. before, it was one's christian duty to give to the poor, but now, social darwinism kicked in. |
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| the 5 great european powers: britain, france being the strongest, made the balance of power very important in the 1700s. |
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| 8000 parisians storm bastille, marking the beginning of the french revolution |
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| a prison and arms warehouse that had only 6 prisoners, but served as a symbol of the tyranny of the old order. the first target of the french revolution. |
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| independence day for the US. declaration of independence |
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| britain boots france out of the land east of the mississippi, and has to raise taxes in the colonies to pay for it. the americans protest the taxes. |
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| british tax tea, so americans start making their own tea/drinking coffee. boston tea party. |
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| League of Armed Neutrality |
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| an alliance of minor european naval forces against britain's policy of searching neutral shipping vessels. |
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| written by thomas paine, a plea for the americans to become an independent nation. |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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Definition
| they ratify the articles of confederation |
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| 1783, recognized the independence of the american colonies. |
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| articles of confederation |
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| a constitution with almost no central government. it was a reaction to britain's taxation without representation, so the central government was weak and couldn't do anything. |
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| the natural rights that the philosophes came up with during the enlightenment were put on paper >> the bill of rights |
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| american/french army and french fleet under george washington defeat the british at yorktown, the last battle. |
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| based on the values formed in the enlightenment, it had checks and balances, rights for all citizens, etc. |
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| inalienable rights of all people |
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| lafayette (a military guy) was close with washington, and he returns to france with republican ideas. he joins the society of thirty, a group comprised of members of paris salons. this society was very influential towards the beginning of the french revolution. |
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Term
| Causes of the French Revolution |
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Definition
the american revolution, Monarch was removed from society, and they were bad rulers.
Economic instability because of bad leadership: wars and debt.
Huge taxes,
The enlightenment >> ideas of the philosophes |
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| Enlightenment Ideas in the Revolution |
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Definition
| equality, freedom of speech/bill of rights, questioning the government and religious entities |
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Term
| Failure of the French monarchy |
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Definition
| the french monarchs became increasingly removed from the public, and basically did nothing. this was a short term cause of the revolution. |
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Term
| France’s financial situation |
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Definition
| france had a huge debt because of war and royal extravagance, france bordered on bankruptcy. |
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Term
| Raise taxes or face bankruptcy? |
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Definition
| Louis calls the estates general to try and raise taxes, but this leads directly to the french revolution, because the members of the estates general have all this pent up anger that they release during this meeting. |
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| peasants did not have the power to confront the monarchy, but the nobility did. during this assembly, the nobility refuse to be taxed |
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| he separated himself from the people, and he was married to marie antoinette. all of these things exacerbated the french people. |
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| a very small portion of the french population, these people usually were wealthy and lived comfortably, but some were poor. they were exempt from paying taxes. |
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Term
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| the tax that the 1st and 2nd estate were exempt from |
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Term
| the bourgeoisie-their rise and issues |
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Definition
| they were the wealthy businessmen, but they were shunned from social and political privilege. |
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| mostly peasants who were tied to their landlords. bad economy, taxation, and the "burden of the third estate" were all annoying. |
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| they did not allow reforms to pass, and they gained power in the 1700s. they especially blocked new taxes, because they themselves did not want to be taxed >> main problem was financial. |
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Term
| vote by order or by head? |
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Definition
| the estates general gave 1 vote to each estate, and each could veto. the first and second estate usually ganged up on the third estate. the third estate wanted to vote by head. |
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| wrote "the burden of the third estate," which had an effect like Paine's "common sense" |
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| the third estate from the estates general decided to govern france, and to draw up a constitution. it had no right to do this. Louis XVI prepared to use force against the "national assembly" |
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| the third estate (national assembly) promises to keep meeting until they write a constitution. the mood is optimistic, frustrated, chaotic, and dangerous. |
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Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
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Definition
| written by the national assembly, it stops the rebellions in france (including bastille). this declaration is like a bill of rights, and includes the freedom of speech, rule of law, and the right to property. they wanted to obliterate the old system, and replace it with a constitutional monarchy. |
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| she argues that the declaration of man and citizen should be applied to women as well, but she was ignored. |
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| "We are bringing back the baker...." |
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| thousands of women march on versailles to demand bread, and that the king come back to paris. the king still has the power, because they go to him to make changes. |
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| because of the rumors that are flying around about an attack against the agitators, people are scared. this leads to more violent uprisings to preempt these alleged attacks. mass chaos |
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