Term
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Definition
| the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health. |
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Term
| Social Interaction, Communication & Repetitive Behaviors |
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Definition
| Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by core deficits in the following three domains: ________. |
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Term
| Autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder & Pervasive Developmental Disorder NOS |
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Definition
| ASDs include the following three diagnoses (as of the writing of this article in 2006): ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| No diagnostically informative _____ tests for autism exist. |
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Definition
| The diagnostic criteria are _______. |
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Definition
| The spectrum nature of symptomology does not necessarily imply a single underlying ______. |
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Definition
| ASDs present with a wide range of symptom _____, and within each diagnostic category multiple domains of function influence the impact of the disorder. |
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Definition
| Other developmental, behavioral, psychiactric, and medical conditions commonly ____ with autism. |
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Definition
| Recent studies have led to recommendations that young children with ASDs should receive comprehensive _____ educational intervention at a minimum threshold number of hours per week. |
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Term
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Definition
| No ____ are currently available to treat the core sypmtoms of ASD. |
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Term
| comorbid behavioral symptoms |
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Definition
| Psychopharmacotherapy may enhance behavioral intervention programs by diminishing _____ and improving compliance or response to the treatments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Preliminary estimates suggest that children with autism have _____ the healthcare expenditures of other Medicaid-eligible children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Preliminary estimates suggest that children with autism have _____ the healthcare expenditures of children with mental retardation. |
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Term
| point prevalence or period prevalence |
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Definition
| The most commonly reported measures of autism are _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of persons with disease in a time interval (e.g., one year) divided by number of persons in the population; that is, prevalence at the beginning of an interval plus any incident cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion of a population that has the condition at some time during a given period ("12-month prevalence", etc.), and includes people who already have the condition at the start of the study period as well as those who acquire it during that period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some of the trend in administrative data is undoubtedly _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Boys are affected with ASDs more frequently than girls with an average male-to-female ratio of ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive correlations between autism prevalence and _____ have been consistently reported. |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematic distortion in measuring the true frequency of a phenomenon due to the way in which the data are collected. |
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Definition
| Reports on the relationship between maternal age and autism prevalence have been inconsistent. |
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Definition
| Taken together, twin studies and family studies clearly establish that a ______ to autism exists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Although the heritability of autism has been established, the _____ is still not clear. |
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Term
| full genome screens & candidate gene analysis |
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Definition
| Two principal strategies for identifying specific autism risk genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses sets of polymorphic markers distributed over all chromosomes in samples of, often multiplex, autism families. |
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Term
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Definition
| Analysis is focused on specific genes believed a priori to have functional importance in a biologic mechanism of potential etiologic relevance to ASDs. |
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Term
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Definition
| One promising region of gene analysis appears to be the one located on chromosome _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Converging evidence points toward an _____ component in an unknown proportion of individuals with autism. |
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Term
| Neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neurotrophins |
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Definition
| Families of protein signaling molecules that orchestrate the neurodevelopment and neural function through complex, reciprocal communication networks that include the immune and endocrine systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ has consistently been found at higher concentrations in peripheral blood of subjects with autism. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ can ameliorate autistic behaviors in some affected individuals. |
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Term
| labor and delivery complications |
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Definition
| Many studies have investigated associations between autism risk and maternal obstetric characteristics, _____, and neonatal factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| There have been relatively few empirical investigations of potentially neurotoxic _____ or other xenobiotic exposures and autism risk. |
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Term
| Thaliomide, Valproic acid & Misoprostol |
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Definition
| Three medications with known teratogenic properties have been identified as potential autism risk factors |
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Term
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Definition
| prescribed in the 1950s and 1960s as a sleeping aid and to treat anxiety and morning sickness. |
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Term
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Definition
| an anti epileptic drug also used as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| labor-induced abortion medication that leads to congenital anomalies, such as Mobius syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Several metals have been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children and are also considered potential endocrine disrupters (EDs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcohol could play a role in autism risk both directly, as a _____, and indirectly, via a linked genetic predisposition to both autism and alcoholism. |
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Term
| neurodevelopmental conditions |
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Definition
| Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are _____ with complex phenotypes and, most likely, several underlying etiologies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The prevalence of ASDs in developed countries is now considered to be at least _____ per 10,000. |
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Term
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Definition
| ASDs occur more commonly in boys, although the gender ratio depends on cognitive status and presence of minor dysmorphology. |
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Term
| changing diagnostic tendency |
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Definition
| More children are being diagnosed with ASDs today than in the past. Some of the prevalence increase is undoubtedly attributable to _____; however, there are insufficient data to determine whether this can explain the entire increasing trend. |
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