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| the extreme exaltation of military values under Frederick William I. because the junkers were also military officers, they became imbued with a sense of service to the state. |
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| he was very educated, and followed the enlightenment ideals. he limited the use of torture, expanded the freedoms of speech and press,a nd he promoted complete religious toleration. however, because of the junkers' power, he kept the social hierarchy strong, and the serfs on the bottom of the food chain. he was successful in his military ventures. |
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| "the first servant of the state" |
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Definition
| he saw the king as responsible to his people and his country. enlightened absolutism |
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| Empress of Austria. her main goals were to modernize austria, and make it a great power. she made taxation universal. she was a staunch catholic. |
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| successor to Maria theresa in austria, he was determined to make radical democratic changes. he abolished serfdom, he went laissez faire, and promoted equality. in doing so, he alienated the nobility, the clergy, and others, and his successors undid many of his reforms. |
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| after her husband was murdered, she became ruler of all russia. she strengthened the landholding class. she was enlightened, and questioned many principles, but didn't change a lot. the peasantry revolts because of her harsh policies. |
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| everywhere, but in russia especially, they were in the worst situation possible. |
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| he successfully unifies and spurs the discontented serfs everywhere into an organized revolt. his revolt was crushed. |
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| Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji |
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Definition
| russia gains some land. got some warm water ports in turkey. |
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| the weak polish central government is an invitation for other countries to attack. so that these invading countries dont attack each other, they partition poland and take land for themselves. (Russia, Prussia, and Austria all acquire land) |
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| War of the Austrian Succession |
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Definition
| Frederick II the great invades austrian silesia, because he questions Maria Theresa's right to rule as a woman. to keep the balance of power, britain allies with austria, and france allies with prussia. this was extended throughout the world. |
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| the contested region in the was of austrian succession |
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| balance of power issues cause the austrian desire for Silesia to turn into a world war with France, Austria, and Russia against Britain and Prussia. this conflict reached europe, where prussia won silesia. in india, britain gains complete control, and in america, it was the french and indian war. |
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| french ally with indians, but britain wins. they gain huge tracts of land in north america, french retreat to canada. |
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| britain gains canada and the US east of the mississippi. britain becomes the greatest colonial power in the world |
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| the elite felt that the mass could rise up. |
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| due to the Scientific Revolution, religion was taken out of writing history... before it used to play a major part. Historians started (key-started) writing more objectively, trying to take out the hand of God in the analysis. |
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| Improvements of lower rungs of society |
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Definition
| were there general improvements in the standard of living in the 1700s? With new food from the "New World", the lower classes lived longer with potato, alfalfa, etc... |
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| Rococo (Watteau and Neumann) |
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| Neoclassicismand J-L David |
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Definition
| I mentioned him during the French Revolution; David painted the Coronation of Napoleon (and Josephine). We saw this in class. It's the return of "classical" art (similar to Renaissance). Napoleon used it a lot since he was "emperor." |
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| Johann Sebastian Bach/mozart |
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| famous composers, they were entertainment for commoners |
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| In the 1700s, fiction, papers became popular. It was part of the "popular" culture versus "high culture." |
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| wrote about taking out capital punishment in the 1700s; he condemned torture and death penalty. |
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| carnival, chapbooks, gin, vodka |
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Definition
| all examples of popular culture |
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Term
| Joseph II's Toleration Patent pietism |
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Definition
| I mentioned them briefly in the Scientific Revolution. With reason and science repudiating aspects of religion, the pendulum of course moved to the religious right and a new wave of religious groups formed in the late 1600s. The most famous was John Wesley and Methodism (or Methodists); This wave of new religious fervor was called "new Pietism" (or new piety). They were more into "evangelical sermons" |
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Term
| John Wesley and Methodism |
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Definition
| Methodists wanted to study the bible more "methodically," had open classes where people confessed sins, etc. It was a split away from the Church of England. |
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