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| Paths to the enlightenment |
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Definition
| the scientific theories found during the scientific revolution: the newtonian world machine, the scientific method, and the laws of motion. the enlightenment was essentially the application of these scientific principles to government, religion, etc. |
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| Popularization of science |
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| the books that scientists wrote during the scientific revolutions were re-written for a larger audience. Bernard de Fontenelle >> he translated the works of newton and other scientists so that science became a part of literature |
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| because these scientists of the scientific revolutions proved many things wrong, people no longer took things on faith, and began to question religion. |
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1. Laws of science apply to the examination of all aspects of life
2. nothing is accepted on faith, science is used to discover the laws of humane existence
3. understanding laws of human nature allows
application of knowledge to improve life |
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| Philosophes and their views of the church |
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Definition
| they believed it was wrong for the church to force people to believe in something. they believed in complete religious toleration. |
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| Impact of Travel Literature |
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| responses to travels abroad differed. some believed that these people were more natural, and happier than the europeans. the "noble savage." also, europeans realized that there were highly developed nations abroad. |
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| defined the enlightenment as "man leaving his self-caused immaturity" if isaac newton could find the laws the governed nature, then surely someone else could find the laws the governed economics, for example. "dare to know" |
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| he translated the works of newton and other scientists so that science became a part of literature |
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| secular, against compelling people to believe in a religion. he advocated complete religious toleration. he applied scientific reasoning to religion. |
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| he wrote the book "Travels," which recounted his journeys around australia >> bestseller |
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| John Locke and the Tabula Rasa |
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| John Locke said that everyone was born equal, and with a blank slate. therefore, people are good or bad based on their experiences, which had huge repercussions, because one's education, childhood and experiences took on more significance |
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| the intellectuals of the enlightenment |
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| a french noble who criticized the french government in the "Persian Letters." he classified three types of government, republics, monarchies, and despotism. he introduced the ideas of separation of powers. (checks and balances) |
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| written by Montesquieu, he tries to apply the scientific method to government to ascertain the natural laws that govern social interactions of humans. |
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| criticized France's absolute monarchy, and lack of religious toleration. "Treatise on Toleration" advocated complete religious toleration. proponent of deism, the belief that god exists, but is removed from day to day human life. |
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| Condemned christianity as fanatical. he also wrote the encyclopaedia >. a classified dictionary of the sciences |
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| Diderot's encyclopedia on just about everything. he tried to change the general way of thinking, and used his encyclopedia as a weapon against the old french society. |
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| they believed, because of Newton, that the scientific method could be used to discover the natural laws that govern all human life. emergence of the social sciences, like economics. |
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| History of Tom Jones, a Foundling |
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| wrote about taking out capital punishment in the 1700s; he condemned torture and death penalty. |
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| he was a pioneering social scientist. he examined human life in the hopes that it would lead to an understanding of human nature. |
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| founders of economics. claimed that they could find the laws that governed economics. 1. land constituted the only real wealth. 2. reject mercantile significance of money. 3. laissez-faire. |
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| leader of the physiocrats |
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| "the Wealth of nations". strong attack against mercantilism, promoted free trade. LABOR was the true wealth of a nation, and laissez faire economic policy. |
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| let it be >> government non-interference |
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| Condorcet and Baron d'Holbach |
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| materialism, and atheism. he claims that people need only reason to survive. |
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he was the Giant of the later enlightenment. he believed that government was a necessary evil, and that a social contract was made between government and its people. "discourse on the original inequality of mankind"
democracy, strong education.
he was very emotional, precursor to romanticism. |
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| there are 9 stages of human development, and the enlightenment was the tenth and last. |
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| The Social Contract and the general will |
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| to preserve their private property, people adopted laws and elected people that would enforce these laws. he also believed that whatever was the best for all was best for the individual. |
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| argued for the equality of the sexes in marriage. she thought that women needed to be better educated. |
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| founder of modern feminism. women have reason, and therefore deserve the rights that men have. |
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| Vindication of the Rights of Woman |
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| Written by Mary Wollenstein, she uses reason to argue for women's rights. |
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| the salon and the coffeehouse |
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| salons and coffeehouses became centers of scientific conversation that wasn't accepted by the government. they were usually run by women, which gave women more power. promoted scientific conversation. |
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| a widow who owned a salon. |
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| American Philosophical Society |
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| a society that discussed enlightenment ideas in philadelphia. |
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| an absolute monarchy, but the monarch must look out for the good of his/her subjects. people get their rights, and the philosophes act as advisors. also known as despotism |
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| he was lazy and weak, and was dominated by his advisors. this diminished the prestige of the monarchy. |
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| Louis XV's minister, he controlled France for a while. he focused on internal affairs, and brought france back to life. |
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| mistress of Louis XV, she charmed him, and gained wealth and power. she made some important decisions. |
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| also incompetent. he knew nothing about french politics |
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| an austrian, she was married to Louis XVI. she was despised by her people |
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| the english and scottish combine. A period of time where parliament is slowly gaining the upper hand on the monarchy. |
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| although deputies to the house of commons were elected from boroughs, population had no influence in determining the number of delegates from each borough were to be in the house of commons. further, wealthy aristocrats could secure the votes of certain boroughs through bribery |
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| the Hanovarians/the Georges |
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| hanoverians: new dynasty in the monarch. George I and George II were from the hanoverian state of germany. did not speak english, and did not know british politics. |
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| served as prime minister for George I and II. since they were foreign, Walpole was essentially king. pursued a peaceful foreign policy. expansion of trade. |
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| wilkes was an outspoken journalist who criticized the king's ministers. he won a seat in parliament and was denied, twice. his cause became synonymous with liberty. his supporters were: common people from london with no voting rights, and middle class in the countryside. |
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| expanded trade and the british empire. despite his successes, he was dismissed by George III. |
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| Patriots v. the Orangists |
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| house of orange was still in power, but many different powerful houses sought to reduce the power of the orangists. however, these regents became split when the patriots agitate for democratic reform. Prussia intervenes and crushes the patriots |
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| promoted the highly efficient bureaucracy. his motto was: obedience, honor, and service to the king. rigid class structure. increased the size of the army. |
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| prussian nobility. they were extremely powerful, because they were also the officers in the army. |
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