Term
| The digestive system is also known as |
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Definition
| the gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract, or the alimentary canal |
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Term
| Characteristics of digestive system |
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Definition
| It is approximately 30 feet long, beginning with the mouth (oral cavity) and ending with the anus. |
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| Functions of the digestive system |
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Definition
| The organs all work together to prepare food for absorption into the bloodstream and to prepare foods for use by the body cells. In addition to that vital function, the digestive system is also responsible for elimination of solid wastes from the body. |
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Definition
| The first part of the digestive tract. Designed to receive food for ingestion. also known as the buccal cavity. |
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Term
| The oral cavity consists of |
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Definition
lips
cheeks
hard palate
soft palate
uvula
tongue |
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Definition
| forms the anterior upper roof of the mouth is supported by bone. It has irregular ridges or folds called rugae. |
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Definition
| forms the posterior portion of the upper roof of the mouth (closer to the throat), is composed of skeletal muscle and connective tissue. ends in a small cone shaped projection called the uvula. |
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Definition
| the principal organ of the sense of taste and also assists in the process of chewing and swallowing. a solid mass of very strong flexible skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane. located in the floor of the mouth. |
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| chewing, tearing, or grinding food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva. |
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| name three pairs of salivary glands that secrete saliva |
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Definition
parotids
submandibulars
sublinguals |
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Definition
| mostly water that contains mucus and digestive enzymes that aid in the digestive process. |
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| the digestive enzymes contained in saliva are |
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Definition
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Definition
| aids in the digestion of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| aids in digestion of fats |
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Definition
| also known as the throat. serves as the pasageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems. |
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Term
| there are three parts of the pharynx |
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Definition
oropharynx
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx |
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Definition
| section leading away from the oral cavity |
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| lower portions opens into the esophagus and the larynx |
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Definition
| receives food from the larynx and propels it towards the stomach. collapsible muscular tube, approximately 10 inches passes through an opening in the diaphram into the abdominal cavity before connecting to the stomach. |
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Definition
| or lower esophageal sphincter. a muscular ring that controls passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach. |
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Term
| lower esophageal sphincter relaxes |
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Definition
| it opens to allows food into the stomach. |
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Term
| lower esophageal sphincter contracts and closes |
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Definition
| the stomach content is prevented from reentering the esophagus |
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Definition
| in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen |
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Term
| What are the three major divisions of the stomach |
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Definition
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Definition
| the upper rounded portion of the stomach |
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Definition
| the central part of the stomach curves to the right. |
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Definition
| the lower tubular part. also called the gastric antrum |
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Definition
| regulates the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum |
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Definition
| a ridge or fold (rugae of the stomach) that presents large folds in the mucous membrane of that organ.folds allow the stomach to expand to accommodate its contents. |
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Term
| what happens in the stomach |
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Definition
| gastric juices break down food, and the muscular actions causes churning of the food which mixes the food with the secretions(chyme). and is released in small amounts into the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid-like mixture of partially digested food and digestive secretions. |
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Definition
| approximately 20 feet long and is known as the small bowel. divided into three parts. completes the digestive process through absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream and passage of the residue (waste products) on to the large intestine for excretion from the body. |
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Term
| name the three parts of the small intestines |
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Definition
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Definition
| begins at the ileocecal junction and extends to the anus |
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Term
| the large intestine is divided into |
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Definition
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Definition
| is a blind pouch on the right side of the abdomen |
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| what hangs from the lower portion of the cecum |
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Definition
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| what is the longest part of the large intestine |
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Definition
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| the colon is divided into four sections |
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Definition
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid |
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Definition
| begins at the ileocecal junction and curves upward towards the liever on the right side of the abdomen and just below the liver it makes a turn to the left |
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Definition
| begins right after the ascending colon at the hepatic flexure junction. continues accross the abdomen below the stomach and toward the spleen. at the spleen it turn downward. |
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Definition
| at the splenic flexure right where the transverse goes downward. passing down toward the pelvis on the left side of the abdomen |
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Definition
| at the end of the descending colon it makes an s shaped curve. connect the descending colon to the rectum |
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Definition
| last 7 to 8 inches of the large intestine. connects the sigmoid colon to the anus |
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Definition
| located immediately under the diaphram slightly to the right. Largest gland in the body |
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Term
| what is the digestive function of the liver |
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Definition
| production of bile for emulsification of fats in the small instestine |
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Term
| additional functions of the liver |
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Definition
excretion of bile pigments into bile.
synthesis of vit-K dependent plasma proteins
amino acid metabolism
carbohydrate and fat metabolism
phagocytosis and detoxification
storage of vital nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| pear shape sac located under the suface of the liver |
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Term
| main function of the gallbladder |
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Definition
| to store and concentrate bile produced by the liver. when food enters the duodenum and the presence of fatty content is detected the gallbladder is stimulated to release bile. gb to cystic duct to common bile duct to duodenum where bile emulsifies fat. |
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Definition
| located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen behind the stomach functions as both an exocrin and endocrine gland |
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Term
| digestive juices in the pancreas contain |
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Definition
trypsin
pancreatic lipase
pancreatic amylase
sodium bicarbonate |
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| breaks down carbohydrates |
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| neutralizes acidic stomach contents. |
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| pancreas also functions as |
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Definition
| endocrine gland to manufacture insulin and glucagon |
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Definition
| a hormone that makes it possible for glucose to pass from blood to cell membranes to be used for energy. also promotes conversion of excess glucose into glycogen |
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Definition
| hormone that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose in time of need |
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Definition
| have the primary responsiblity of chewing (mastication). food is ground by the teeth and softened by the saliva |
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Definition
primary (baby teeth)
secondary(permanent) |
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Definition
| baby teeth or deciduous teeth. set of 20 around age 6 month 10 in each jawbone. |
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Definition
| permanent teeth. appear around age 6. replacing the primary teeth. 32 teeth 16 in each jawbone. |
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| teeth are shaped in different ways to aid in digestion |
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Definition
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Definition
| chisel shape with sharp edges for biting food |
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| or cuspid. useful for grasping or tearing food. |
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| or premolars and molars. flat surfaces and multiple projections for crushing and grinding food. |
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| three main parts to a tooth |
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Definition
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| visible part of the tooth. covered with enamel hardest substance in the body |
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Definition
| lies just beneath the gum line |
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Definition
| embedded in bony socket of the jaw bone |
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Term
| the central core of the tooth is |
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Definition
| pulp cavity or root canal. it contains connective tissue, blood, and lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerve endings. and is surrounded by dentin. |
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Term
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Definition
| the passage of substances across and into tissues, such as the passage of digested food molecules into intestinal cells or the passage of liquids into kidney tubules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called the digestive tract, gastrointestinal tract. a musculomembranous tube, about 30 feet long, extending from the mouth to the anus and lined with mucous membrane. |
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Definition
| the process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food. |
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Definition
| the physician who specializes in the study of diseases affecting the gastrointestional tract. |
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Definition
| allied health professional who studies and applies the principles and science of nutrition. |
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Definition
| allied health professional trained to plan nutrition programs for sick and healthy people. |
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Term
| name the two sections that the digestive system is divided into |
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Definition
| upper and lower gastrointestional tract. |
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Term
| what structures of the digestive system are in the upper gastrointestional tract |
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Definition
| oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and the stomach |
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Term
| what structures of the digestive system are in the lower gastrointestional tract |
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Definition
| large and small intestines |
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Term
| Name the accesory organs of digestion |
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Definition
| salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. |
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Term
| most of the digestive system organs lie |
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Definition
| within the abdominopelvic cavity. |
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Definition
| the space between the diaphragm and the groin. largest of the ventral body cavities. |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained organs(viscera). |
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Definition
| the small, cone shaped process suspended in the mouth from the middle of the posterior border of the soft palate. Also helps in producting sound and speach. |
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Definition
| small rough elevations that cover the surface of the tongue. contain the taste buds. |
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| a ball-like mass of chewed food (mixed with saliva) that is ready to be swallowed. |
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Definition
| helps to liquefy the food as its chewed. |
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Definition
| helps to lubricate the food as it passes through the gastrointestional tract. |
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| the digestive enzymes of saliva |
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Definition
| help break down the food down into nutrients. |
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Definition
| are part of the accessory structues of the digestive system. they secrete saliva into the mouth by way of ducts. |
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Definition
| the coordinated rhythmic, serial contraction of smooth muscle that forces food through the digestive tract, bile through the bile duct and urine through the ureters. |
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Term
| what happens during the act of swallowing |
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Definition
| the soft palate and uvula move upward to facilitate the movement of the food into the pharynx and to close of the nasal cavity. the tongue forces the food into the pharynx and the epiglottis drops downward to cover the larynx directing the food into the esophagus. the bolus of food is propelled through the pharynx into the esophagus by means of peristaltic movements. |
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Term
| the depressions between the rugae contain |
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Definition
| the gastric glands that secrete gastric juices containing digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| first part of the small intestine. extending in a c shape curve from the pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum. receives the chyme from the pylorus of the stomach along with secretions from the liver and the pancreas. |
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Definition
| second portion of the small intestine which connects the duodenum to the ileum. |
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Definition
| the third portion of the small intestine. continuous with the jejunum and connects it to the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter. |
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Definition
| connects the ileim to the large intestine. |
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Definition
| millions of tiny finger-like projections(in the mucous membrane of the small intestine). they surround blood capillaries, which function in the absorption of nutrients. |
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Definition
| the point at which the ascending colon turns to the left (below the liver) |
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Definition
| the point at which the transverse colon (below the spleen) takes a downward turn. |
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| the opening through which feces are eliminated from the body. |
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Definition
| solid waste products of digestion |
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Definition
| the act of expelling feces from the body. |
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| controls elimination of waste materials from the rectum. |
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Definition
| liver cells that produce a yellowish-green secretion called bile. |
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Definition
| bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol |
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Definition
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Definition
| emulsifies fats, preparing them for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. |
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Definition
| the primary bile pigment. which gives it the yellowish green color. responsible for the color of urine and feces. |
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| excretion of bile pigments into bile(liver) |
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Definition
| liver recycles iron and converts the remaining portion into bile pigments, which are excreted with the bile as it is released from the liver. |
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Term
| carbohydrate metabolism(liver) |
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Definition
| mainly glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. |
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Definition
| process in which the liver converts the excess amounts of circulating blood glucose into a complex form of sugar for storage in the liver cells. |
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| complex form of sugar stored in the liver cells for use when the blood sugar is extremely low. |
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| process in response to extremely low blood sugar the liver breaks down the stored glycogen into glucose, releasing it into the curculating blood. |
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Definition
| synthesis of cholesterol, of lipoproteins for transport of fat to other tissues, and conversion of fatty acids to ketones to be used for energy production. |
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Definition
| phagocytosis of old worn out red blood cells (erythrocytes). |
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Definition
| the enzymes produced by the liver convert potentially harmful substances (such as ammonia, alcohol, and medications) into less toxic ones. |
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| storage of vital nutrients(liver) |
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Definition
| the liver is responsible for the storage of the vitamins, iron, and copper;fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E and K; and B12. |
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| a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose when the blood sugar level is dangerously low. |
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Definition
| where the cystic duct(from the gallbladder) joins the hepatic duct(from the liver) to form the common bile duct. this goes into the duodenum. |
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Definition
| the pancreas manufactors the digestive juices and secretes them into a network of tiny ducts located throughout the gland. the ducts merge into the main pancreatic duct. |
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Definition
| runs throughout the length of the pancreas. joins the common bile duct just before it enters the duodenum. |
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Definition
| pancreas manufactors insulin which passes directly into the blood capillaries instead of the ducts. |
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Definition
| specialized group of cells scattered throughout the pancreas. |
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Definition
| secrete the hormone glucagon that tells the liver to convert glycogen into glucose in time of need. |
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Definition
| secrete the insulin hormone. |
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Definition
| a gland that secretes its enzymes directly into the blood capillaries. |
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Definition
| a gland that secretes its enzymes into a network of tiny ducts that transport it to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel. |
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Definition
| forms the bulk of the tooth shell. in crown area its covered by enamel. |
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Definition
| hardened connective tissue that surrounds the dentin in the neck and root area. |
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