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| encompasses the treatment of diseases affecting the digestive system |
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| duodenum (first part of small intestine) |
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| intestine (usually small intestine) |
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| ileum (third part of small intestine) |
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| jejunum (second part of small intestine) |
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| forming an opening (mouth) |
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| abnormal condition (produced by something specific) |
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| abnormal condition; increase (primarily used with blood cells) |
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| involuntary contraction, twitching |
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| -al, -ar, -ary, -eal, -ic |
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| inflammation of the appendix, which is usually acute and caused by blockage of the appendix followed by infection |
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| abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
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| gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through the intestines |
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| chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice |
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| condition in which bulging pouches (diverticula) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract push the mucosal lining through the surrounding muscle |
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| inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, which may be caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites |
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| abnormal passage from one organ to another, or from a hollow organ to the surface |
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
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| backflow (reflux) of gastric contents into the esophagus due to malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) |
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| passage of stools containing bright red blood |
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| mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside (internal) or just outside (external) the rectum; AKA: piles |
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| protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it |
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| inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) |
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| ulceration of the colon mucosa |
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| chronic IBD that usually affects the ileum but may affect any portion of the intestinal tract |
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| chronic IBD of the colon characterized by episodes of diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and pain |
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| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) |
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| condition characterized by gastrointestinal signs and symptoms, including constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating, all in the absence of organic pathology; AKA: spastic colon |
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| yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia) |
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| condition in which a person accumulates an amount of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight |
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| more severe obesity in which a person has a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight |
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| small, tumorlike, benign growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface |
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| condition in which polyps project from the mucous membrane of the colon |
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| condition in which polyps develop in the intestinal tract |
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| open sore or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue |
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| twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction |
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| radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium) into the rectum |
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| radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium); AKA: upper GI series |
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| radiographic technique that uses a narrow beam of x-rays that rotates in a full arc around the patient to acquire multiple views of the body that a computer interprets to produce cross-sectional images of that body part |
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| visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope |
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| endoscopy of the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy) |
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| endoscopy of colon (colonoscopy), sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy), and rectum and anal canal (proctoscopy) |
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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| radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body |
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| test performed on feces using the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not apparent on visual inspection; AKA: hemoccult test |
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| imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue |
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| group of procedures that treat morbid obesity |
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| vertical banded gastroplasty |
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| bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch and a band is inserted that restricts and delays food from leaving the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness |
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| Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB) |
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| bariatric surgery in which the stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch and then the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through |
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| procedure for eliminating a stone within the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing the stone surgically or using a noninvasive method, such as ultrasonic shock waves, to shatter it |
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| extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) |
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| use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones in the gallbladder and biliary ducts |
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| insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach |
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