Term
| What internal organ has the greatest power of regeneration in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells of the liver that all look alike and DO NOT specialize. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver produces about how many different chemicals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the body is the liver located? |
|
Definition
| Anchored to the underside of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Anterior surface, found at midline of the body, used to divide the liver into small left lobe and large right lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Double layer of parietal peritoneum - "anchors" liver to ventral abdominal wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superior surface; surrounds the bare area (no area peritoneum on the bare area) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anchors liver to the diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Round ligament - posterior surface; same plane as the falciform ligament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Imbedded on the back of right lobe of liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liver uses blood while it is in the _____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once blood reaches the _____ _____, the liver is dont with the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ _______ flows in the opposite direction of blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Right and Left hepatic ducts combine to form the ____ ____ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common hepatic duct combines with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the _____ _____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common bile duct connects with the _____ _____ of the pancreas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct |
|
|
Term
| Initially voluntary; then it becomes entirely reflexive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During swallowing when the larynx elevates, the epiglottis... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of food down the esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Has millions of gastric glands; secreting gastric juice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric glands have what 3 types of cells |
|
Definition
| mucous cells (goblet), parietal cells, and chief cells |
|
|
Term
| Thick, sticky, lines stomach walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secrete ezymes, primarily pepsinogen (inactive) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hows does pepsiongen become active? |
|
Definition
| With combination of HCl it becomes pepsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a protease (protein digestor)
- attacks ant protein; not picky; but does not fully digest
- long polpeptides - pepsin - short polpeptides
- fully formed pepsin would kill chief cells if made in this form, that is why the secrete pepsinogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- provides optimum pH for pepsin to operate
- helps activate pepsinogen
- breaks tertiary & quarternary protein bonds
- kills many bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion? |
|
Definition
- cephalic phase
- gastric phase
- intestinal phase |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned reflex via vagal stimulus to the stomach; occures prior to food entering the stomach or mouth; just thinking about food or smelling food you like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endocrine response; occurs when food arrives in the stomach; gastrin hormone is released (does not go into the stomach) - target: gastric glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs after the stomach is empty if chyme is still present in duodenum or proximal jejunum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does food remain in the stomach? |
|
Definition
pure carb - w/in 2 hours
high fat or protein - w/in 6 hours |
|
|
Term
| What causes inhibition of gastric secretion? |
|
Definition
- unappetizing food (cephalic phase only)
- sympathetic stimulus
- acid build up in stomach (neg-feedback mech.)
- fatty & or chyme in proximal small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Fatty & or chyme build up in the proximal small intestine stimulates what other 2 digestive hormones? |
|
Definition
- secretin
- CCK (cholesystokinin) |
|
|
Term
| What does the hormone secretin target? |
|
Definition
| Neck cells in the pancreas (acini) |
|
|
Term
| What does the hormone CCK target? |
|
Definition
| Acinar cells in the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Where does almost all of digestion and absorption occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For digestion and absorption to occur in the small intestine we need secretions from where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aqueous juice; sodium bicarbonate; no enzymes; used to neutralize acid from the stomach; targeted by secretin |
|
Definition
| Neck cells in the pancreas (acini) |
|
|
Term
| enzyme juice; works virtually on any type of food molecule you have coming in; targeted by CCK |
|
Definition
| acinar cells in the pancreas (acini) |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 pancreatic enzymes |
|
Definition
- amylase
- cholesterol esterase
- lipase
- nucleases
- proteases |
|
|
Term
| What pancreatic enzyme breaks down starches to dissacharides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic enzyme breaks large cholesterol clumps in to individual cholesterols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic enzyme breaks down triglycerides - monoglycerides - glycerol - FFAs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up a triglyceride? |
|
Definition
| glycerol (3 carbons) + 3 fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic enzyme breaks down DNase and RNase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pancreatic enzyme protease has 3 diff types, what are they? |
|
Definition
- tripsinogen
- chymotrypsinogen
- procarbocypeptidase |
|
|
Term
| _____ synthesizes bile & the _______ stores and concentrates bile. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick, yellowish. alkaline pH, contains water, cholesterol, and inorganic salts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- biliverdin (greenish/yellowish in color)
- bilirubin (redish/brownish in color), gives feces its color - result of hemoglobin breakdown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emulsify fats - taking big fat droplets and breaking them into tiny soluble fat droplets |
|
|
Term
| One end that is polar, hydrophilic; the other end is non-polar, hydrophobic, loves fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formed around tiny fat droplets (spherical) with polar heads facing out and nonpolar tails facing the fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liver bile synthesized because: |
|
Definition
-secretion
-vagal stimulation |
|
|
Term
| Gallbladder released because: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Targets:neck cells of pancreas, liver to produce bile
Inhibits:gastric secretion and motility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Targets:acinar cells (release of enzyme juice), gallbladder to release bile
Inhibits:gastric secretion and motility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secrets mucus, amylase (small amount), enterokinase (activates trypsiogen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane bound enzymes of microvilli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane bound enzymes of microvilli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breaks bond between table sugar, glucose-frutose (sucrose) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Act as active transport "pumps" - completely absorbed carbs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breaks bond between glucose-glucose (maltose) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breaks bond between lactose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breaks down peptides by breaking down 2 amino acids and the actively transport them into the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do triglycerides enter a cell? |
|
Definition
| The have to be broken down, then put back together (not necessarily in the same way) |
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides collect into tiny droplets that become encased in proteins forming a type of lipoprotein called ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Too big to pump into blood capillary, but they do diffuse into lacteals (lymoh capillaries) which are much more permeable than blood capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is lymph when it is actively absorbing fats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the water in chyme as it moves through the ileocecal valve into the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| Must be moved out, sodium and chloride leave the intestines with water following |
|
|
Term
| Breaks down glycogen forming glucose; raises blood sugar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Makes glycogen from glucose; lowers blood sugar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 condition in which our bodies can produce alot of ketones? |
|
Definition
-starvation
-uncontrolled diabetes
-extreme low carb diets |
|
|
Term
| Ketones are formed from excess _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ketones are made because the cells are starving for _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
