Term
| A nuclear complex with several major subdivisions |
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Definition
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Term
| The diencephalon is composed of structures located where? |
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Definition
| The rostral end of the brain stem |
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Term
| Encompasses the area of the brain which extends from the posterior commissure to the interventricular foramen, and which is bounded laterally by the posterior limb of the internal capsule, and the tail of the caudate nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| The diencephalon is separated into two symmetrical halves by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is present in 70-80% of all human brains? |
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Definition
| Massa Intermedia (Interthalamic Adhesion) |
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Term
| Represents an area of thalamic continuity medially |
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Definition
| Interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia) |
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Term
| The diencephalon consists of several specific subdivisions which include the following: (5) |
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Definition
1. Epithalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Subthalamus
4. Hypothalamus
5. 3rd Ventricle |
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Term
| Portions of the epithalamus are intimately related to what system? |
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Definition
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Term
| The epithalamus contains several neural structures including what? (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one very important structure of the epithalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| A small, cone-shaped body that is attached to the roof of the 3rd centricle near the posterior commissure |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 things included in the pineal gland (epiphysis) |
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Definition
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Term
| Unique secretory cells located within the pineal gland. |
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Definition
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Term
| The functions of the epiphysis are not fully known but what do we know about its function? |
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Definition
| It is involved in functions that are influenced by circadian rhythmicity, such as the production of melatonin and certain neurotransmitters |
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Term
| What can destroy pinealocytes and alter the onset of pubertal changes? |
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Definition
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Term
| A process which typically occurs after approximately 20 years of age |
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Definition
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Term
| After what does the epiphysis serve as a marker for midline structures on radiograph |
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Definition
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Term
| Which area of the diencephalon is riddled with fibers and contains zona incerta and a subthalamic nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| A scattered group of cells located in the subthalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| The neurons of __ have widespread reticular connections (function unknown). |
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Definition
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Term
| A crucial relay of the basal ganglia |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 7 structures located in the hypothalamus |
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Definition
1. Mamillary Bodies
2. Tuber Cinereum
3. Infundibulum
4. Neurohypophysis
5. Optic Chiasm
6. Fornix
7. Several hypothalamic nuclei |
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Term
| What separates the thalami? |
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Definition
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Term
| A shallow groove on the ventricular surface just above the mammillothalamic tract |
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Definition
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Term
| Separates the thalamus from the hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| A major source of afferent fibers to the cortex, communicates with the cortex via thalmaic radiations |
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Definition
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Term
| Where particularly are the thalamic radiations? |
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Definition
| regions of the lateral thalamus to the internal capsulle and then to cortex |
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Term
| A prominent relay center to the cerebellum and the basal ganglia |
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Definition
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Term
| How many thalamic nuclei are there usually? |
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Definition
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Term
| Thalamic nuclei can be classified as 1 of 3 major groups. Name those 3 groups |
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Definition
Anterior nuclear group
Medial nuclear group
Lateral nuclear group |
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Term
| Includes both a dorsal and ventral group or tier, as well as the medial and lateral geniculate bodies |
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Definition
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Term
| The medial and lateral geniculate bodies are collectively known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What divides the thalami? |
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Definition
| Internal medullary lamina |
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Term
| Name the 3 nuclei that are not contained within 1 of the 3 major groups. |
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Definition
Reticular
Midline
Intralaminar |
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Term
| Depending on the kind of information relayed by the thalamus, several types of functional groups of nuclei are evident neuroanatomically. (3) |
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Definition
1. Relay Nuclei (External & Internal)
2. Diffuse Nuclei (Nonspecific)
3. Association Nuclei |
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Term
| Which relay nuclei are found in the ventrolateral tier? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which relay nuclei are found in the anteroventral region? |
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Definition
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Term
| Have reciprocal connections with well defined cortical areas which have specific motor and sensory functions. |
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Definition
| Relay Nuclei (external and internal) |
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Term
| These nuclei relay information from the body and the external world to primary sensory cortical areas. |
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Definition
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Term
| Receives input from the optic tracts and projects via geniculocalcarine tract to the primary visual cortex (area 17) |
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Definition
| Lateral Geniculate Nuclei |
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Term
| Name 4 external relay nuclei |
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Definition
1. Lateral Geniculate
2. Medial Geniculate
3. Ventral Posterolateral
4. Ventral Posteromedial |
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Term
| Receives input from the brachium of hte inferior colliculus and projects to the primary auditory cortex (area 41 and 42) |
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Definition
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Term
| Receives input from the medial lemniscus and anterolateral system and projects to the primary sensory cortex (areas 1, 2, and 3) which contains the representation for the body and limbs |
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Definition
| Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus (VPL) |
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Term
| Receives input from the trigeminal lemniscus and projects to the primary sensory cortex (areas 1, 2, and 3) which contains the representation for the head |
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Definition
| Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus (VPM) |
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Term
| Receives information which has already undergone processing by one brain system and relay it to appropriate cortical regions. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Anterior Nucleus (A)
Ventral Anterior Nucleus (VA)
Ventral Lateral Nucleus (VL) |
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Term
| Receives input from the limbic system via the mammillothalamic tract and fornix, before relaying that information on to the cingulate gyrus (limbic cortex) |
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Definition
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Term
| Receives input from the basal ganglia and cerebellum and relays it to the motor and premotor areas (areas 4 and 6) of the cortex |
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Definition
| Ventral Anterior Nucleus (VA) |
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Term
| Receives input from the basal ganglia and deep cerebellar nuclei (particularly the dentate nuclei) via the dentatorubrothalamic tract and relays it to the motor cortex areas 4 and 6 |
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Definition
| Ventral Lateral Nucleus (VL) |
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Term
| Located predominantly along the midline adjacent to the 3rd ventricle and within the internal medullary lamina (known as intralaminar nuclei) |
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Definition
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Term
| Have diffuse cortical interconnections (rather than specific afferent/efferent connections) |
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Definition
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Term
| Receive afferents from the spinal cord, reticular formation, basal ganglia, and the cerebral cortex (from widespread areas within the cortex) and project to widespread areas of cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the diffuse nuclei that we need to know specifically |
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Definition
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Term
| Located primarily within the doral tier of the thalamus, both anteriorly and posteriorly |
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Definition
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Term
| Nuclei of this functional group acts as relays between cortical areas, between brain (internal) systems, or between other thalamic nuclei and the cortex. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are reciprocal fiber connections between this type of nuclei and with association areas of the cerebral cortex. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the Association nucleus that we need to know. |
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Definition
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Term
| The nuclei of the __ cannot be assigned one particular function. |
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Definition
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Term
| Help integrate, correlate, and relay information (sensory, motor, consciousness, limbic, and visual systems) |
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Definition
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Term
| The only peripheral sensory stimulus that is interpreted thalamically. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __ located within this region of the diencephalon also function in the mechanisms by which the brain focuses attention and is involved in conscious perception and interpretation of pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the thalamus help the brain to focus attention? |
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Definition
| by altering cortical receptivity |
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Term
| A termination point for all sensory impulses |
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Definition
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Term
| The thalamus is a termination point for all sensory impulses, with one notable exception. What is the exception? |
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Definition
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Term
| A primary sensory integrator (not a simple relay station) that is integral to the maintenance and regulation of consciousness, alertness, and attention. |
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Definition
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Term
| Function via widespread influences on the cerebral cortex (primarily inhibitory) |
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Definition
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Term
| The cause of this syndrome is most likely due to large infarcts int he blood supply to the thalamus (typically these affect the posterior cerebral artery) |
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Definition
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Term
| With Thalamic Syndrome, what thalamic area is most frequently involved? |
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Definition
| The ventral posterolateral nucleus(VPL) |
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Term
| With this syndrome, the VPL is most frequently involved however generalized thalamic damage is present |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 characterizations of thalamic syndrome |
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Definition
1. Complete hemianesthesia (contra)
2. Permanent loss of tactile localization and 2 pt discrimination
3. Limited recovery of sensation (temp, crude touch, and pain)
4. Nonspecific evocation of pain sensations (pain may be sensed in response to most tactile stimuli) |
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Term
| This was a treatment of choice for severe psychiatric disorders between 1940 and 1960. |
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Definition
| Prefrontal Lobotomy (Leukotomy) |
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Term
| Where the reciprocal connections between the dorsomedial nucleus (DM) of the thalamus and the frontal lobe is interrupted. |
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Definition
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Term
| Eliminates effects of most sensations and impairs learning and memory. |
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Definition
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Term
| Only used as a last resort to treat sever chronic depression today because of the deleterious personality changes that occur after the procedure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Surgical interruption of the connections between the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex are sometimes used to treat what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| The surgical procedure to treat Parkinson's may cause decreases in what 2 things? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are decreases in rigidity and tremors in parkinson's patients after surgery permanent? |
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Definition
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Term
| As long as they are limited, do surgically induced lesions impair sensations? |
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Definition
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Term
| With parkinson's patients, the location of the thalamic lesion site is one of the following sites: (3) |
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Definition
1. Centromedian Nucleus (CM)
2. Ventrolateral Nucleus (VL)
3. Ventral Anterior Nucleus (VA) |
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Term
| Designed to interrupt misinformation flowing through there from the globus pallidus and substantia nigra which produces tremor |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 components of the epithalamus. |
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Definition
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Term
| What will an injury to the subthalamic nucleus result in? |
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Definition
| Extra involuntary movement |
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Term
| The subthalamus is part of the diencephalon and is a pathway for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| This nucleus deals with optic tracts? |
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Definition
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus |
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Term
| In the midline as part of the internal medullary lamins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 functions of the thalamus |
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Definition
1. Information processing
2. Mechanism of attention
3. Conscious perception of pain
4. Provides widespread influence on the cortex |
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Term
| If you have cranial nerve and long tract fiber involvement, are you inside or outside of the brainstem? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you have cranial nerve involvement but not long tract fiber involvement, are you inside or outside of the brainstem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major association nuclei that we need to know for this class? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major diffuse nuclei that we need to know for this class? |
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Definition
| CM - centeromedian nucleus |
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Term
| Level of pain is not what it should be. Cause is unknown. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
-Brakes on behavior
-Planning and executing goal-directed behavior
-Working memory
-Lack of inhibition, initiative, drive |
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Definition
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