Term
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Definition
| reflexes that dont require integration in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| location of the cells that will become the nervous system in early embryos |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system is formed from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| outer cell layers of the neural tube will become |
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Definition
| neurons and glia of the CNS |
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Term
| the tube posterior to the hindbrain will become |
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Definition
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Term
| CNS has formed the 7 major divisions present at birth by what week |
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Definition
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Term
| 7 major divisions of CNS present at birth |
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Definition
| spinal cord, cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata |
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Term
| the cerebrum and diencephalon develop from |
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Definition
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Term
| cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata are divisions of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of cell bodies in the brain/spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of myelinated axons and contains very few cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of axons that connect different regions of the CNS |
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Term
| what are the PNS equivalent of tracts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| layers of membrane that lie between the bones and tissues of the CNS |
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Term
| starting from the bones and moving toward the neural tissue, the membranes are |
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Definition
| 1.dura mater, 2.arachnoid membrane, 3.pia mater |
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Term
| arteries that supply the brain w/blood are associated with which meninx |
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Definition
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Term
| veins that drain blood from the brain are associated with which meninx |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specialized region on the walls of the ventricles that secrete cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
| choroid plexus is derived from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| between pia mater and arachnoid; CSF flows into it from ventricles |
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Term
| the presence of blood cells or proteins in the CSF indicates |
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Definition
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Term
| why are brain capillaries less permeable than other capillaries |
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Definition
| because brain capillary cells form tight junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| crosses the blood brain barrier on an amino acid transporter and converted to dopamine in the brain |
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Term
| what can cross the blood brain barrier |
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Definition
| small lipid soluble molecules (many water soluble molecules are excluded) |
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Term
| name a few areas of the brain which lack functional blood brain barrier |
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Definition
posterior pituitary
vomiting center (in medulla oblongata) |
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Term
| what happens to a spinal nerve just before it joins the spinal cord |
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Definition
| it divides into 2 branches called roots |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of the spinal nerve that carries incoming sensory info. |
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Term
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Definition
| swellings on the dorsal roots just before they enter the spinal cord; contain cell bodies of sensory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of spinal nerve that carries info from CNS to effectors(muscles, glands) |
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Term
| 2 nuclei groups of the dorsal horn cell bodies |
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Definition
somatic info.
visceral info.
(both sensory) |
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Term
| ventral horns of the gray matter are grouped into |
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Definition
somatic motor nuclei
autonomic nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| tracts that remain in the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of gray matter in the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| CN I (name/type/function) |
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Definition
| olfactory/sensory/smell(info form nose) |
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Term
| CN II (name/type/function) |
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Definition
| optic/sensory/visual info from eyes |
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Term
| CN III (name/type/function) |
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Definition
| oculomotor/motor/eye movement, pupil constriction |
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Term
| CN IV (name/type/function) |
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Definition
| trochlear/motor/eye movement |
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Term
| CN V (name/type/function) |
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Definition
| trigeminal/mixed/sensory info from face,mouth, motor signal for chewing |
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Term
| CN VI (name/type/function) |
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Definition
| abducens/motor/eye movement |
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Term
| CN VII (name/type/function) |
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Definition
| facial/mixed/taste sense,facial expression, signal for tears, salivary glands |
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Term
| CN VIII (name/type/function) |
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Definition
| vestibulochoclear/sensory/hearing |
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Term
| CN IX (name/type/function) |
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Definition
| glossopharyngeal/mixed/sense oral cavity, baro-chemoreceptors, swallowing |
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Term
| CN X (name/type/function) |
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Definition
| vagus/mixed/sensory & efferent to many internal organs, muscles, glands |
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Term
| CN XI (name/type/function) |
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Definition
| spinal accessory/motor/muscles of oral cavity,neck,shoulder |
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Term
| CN XII (name/type/function) |
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Definition
| hypoglossal/motor/tongue muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| transition area between spinal cord and midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
| a diffuse collection of neurons that extend thruout the brain stem |
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Term
| in terms of location where is the cerebrum located relative to the brain stem |
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Definition
|
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Term
| starting at the spinal cord and moving superiorly what makes up the brain stem |
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Definition
| medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain |
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Term
| corticospinal tracts of the medulla |
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Definition
| convey info from the cerebrum to spinal cord |
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Term
| gray matter in the medulla contain many nuclei that |
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Definition
| control many involuntary functions (blood pressure,breathing, swallowing,vomiting) |
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Term
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Definition
| act as a relay station for info transfer between cerebellum & cerebrum |
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Term
| other name for the midbrain |
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Definition
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Term
| primary function of the midbrain |
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Definition
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Term
| specialized function of cerebellum |
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Definition
| process sensory info; coordinate the execution of movement |
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Term
| diencephalon lies between |
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Definition
|
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Term
| diencephalon is composed of |
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Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus,pituitary, pineal gland |
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Term
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Definition
| center for homeostasis; drives hunger and thirst |
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Term
| what connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name the 4 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere |
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Definition
| frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
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Term
| which division of the brain grows more rapid than the others |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 major regions of cerebral gray matter |
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Definition
| cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of the cerebrum; only a few mm thick |
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Term
| where do the higher brain functions arise |
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Definition
| the layers of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| how are neurons of the cerebral cortex arranged |
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Definition
| in anatomically distinct vertical columns & horizontal layers |
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Term
| major areas of the limbic system |
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Definition
| hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus |
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Term
| amygdala & cingulate gyrus |
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Definition
| are linked to emotion & memory |
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Term
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Definition
| linked to learning & memory |
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Term
| from a functional view point the cerebral cortex can be divided into 3 specializations |
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Definition
| sensory areas, motor areas, association areas |
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Term
| primary somatic sensory cortex |
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Definition
| also called somatosensory cortex;located in parietal lobe;termination point of pathways from skin musculoskeletal system and viscera |
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Term
| somatosensory pathways (in cerebrum) carry info about |
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Definition
| touch, pain,temp,itch,body position |
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Term
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Definition
| located in occipital lobe; receives info from eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| located in temporal lobe; receives info from ears |
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Term
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Definition
| small region in temporal lobe; receives info. from chemoreceptors in nose |
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Term
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Definition
| located in frontal lobe; receives info from taste buds |
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Term
| sensory info is processed into |
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Definition
|
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Term
| visceral responses are governed by |
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Definition
| autonomic division of nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| are initiated by the cognitive system and originate in the primary motor cortex and motor association area |
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Term
| primary motor cortex and motor association area are located |
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Definition
| in the frontal lobes of the cerebrum |
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Term
| how many cranial nerves originate along the brain stem |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| region where 90% of corticospinal tracts cross the midline to the opposite side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| long output neurons, project axons from motor areas thru brain stem to spinal cord |
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Term
| behavioral state system modulates |
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Definition
|
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Term
| diffuse modulatory systems originate in the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| reticular activating system |
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Definition
| collection of neurons in the reticular formation; plays a role in keeping the conscious brain awake |
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Term
| what happens if connections between reticular formation and cerebral cortex are disrupted |
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Definition
| animals become comatose for long periods of time |
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Term
| true or false sleep is considered an inactive state |
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Definition
|
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Term
| delta brain waves are associated with |
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Definition
| slow wave or stage 4 sleep |
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Term
| properties of delta waves |
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Definition
| high amplitude, low frequency waves of long duration |
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Term
| near the end of an 8 hr sleep period most time is spent in what stage |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when does most dreaming occur |
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Definition
| during stage 1 (REM) sleep |
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Term
| when does sleep walking take place |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a sleep wake rhythm that follows a 24 hr light dark cycle |
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Term
| where is the internal clock that regulates circadian rhythms located |
|
Definition
| the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus |
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Term
| where is the center of emotion |
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Definition
| amygdala of the limbic system |
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Term
| antidepressant drugs alter |
|
Definition
| aspects of synaptic transmission |
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Term
| tricyclic antidepressants |
|
Definition
| block the reuptake of norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron. |
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Term
|
Definition
| slow down the removal of serotonin from the synapse |
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Term
|
Definition
| processes in which activity at a synapse induces sustained changes in quality/quantity of synaptic connections |
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Term
| neuronal connections can change w/experience, this is fundamental to |
|
Definition
| the 2 cognitive processes of learning and memory |
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Term
| what are the 2 classes of learning |
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Definition
| associative & nonassociative |
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Term
|
Definition
| memory storage pathways in the cerebral cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
| the inability to remember newly acquired info. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a special form of short term memory processed in the prefrontal lobes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the processing of info that converts short term into long term memory |
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Term
| 2 types of long term memory |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| acquired slowly thru repetition; involves amygdala & cerebellum |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves temporal lobes; requires conscious effort to remember |
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Term
| center for language ability is located |
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Definition
| in the left hemisphere of cerebrum |
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Term
| integration of spoken language involves 2 regions in cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| Broca(frontal) & Wernicke(temporal) areas |
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Term
| if damage occurs to Wernickes area |
|
Definition
| a person is unable to understand spoken or written info (receptive aphasia) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| can understand spoken/written info but cant speak or write properly (expressive aphasia) |
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Term
|
Definition
| reflexes integrated in the brain |
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