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Contains cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia
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| Clusters of nerve cell bodies (within gray matter) |
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| Main site of synapse between neurons |
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| Contains myelinated axons that form tracts within the CNS that carry nerve signals |
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| Bundles of myelinated axons form... |
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| continuous with the spinal cord and consists of medulla oblongata |
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Located posterior to the brainstem and is divided into hemispheres
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| Consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
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Divided into hemispheres
*Separates us from other animals |
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| Fibrous CT coverings that enclose the brain and spinal cord |
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| Outermost meninx and is composed of dense irregular CT and lines cranial avit and surrounds spinal cord |
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Located between wall of verbebral canal is felled with blood vessels, adipose tissue, and loose CT
*Provides extra cushion and protection |
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Lies tightly agains cranial bones and consists of two layers
*Extension of dura mater and separates major parts of the brain |
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Middle meninx and is composed of delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers
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Thin layer of transparent collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and it adheres to both the spinal cord an the brain
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| between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater and filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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| An inflammation of the arachnoid mater &/or pia mater caused by bacteria &/or viruses that invade the CNS via the nose or throat |
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Brain swells, ventricles enlarge,brainstem may start to hemorrhage (bleed)
*Symptoms include high fever, stiff neck, drowsniness, intense headache, or coma
*Death may occur within hours of onset
*Infants and children (esp. ages 3 mo.-2 yrs.) |
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| Fluid-filled space that separates the arachnoid mater from the dura mater |
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| (4) fluid-filled chambers in the brain |
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| (2) extend into the cerebral hemispheres (C-shaped) |
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| Located along the midline of the brain and connects to lateral venticles by interventricular foramen |
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| Connects fourth ventricle to third ventricle |
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| Ventricles and canals are linked between ependymal cells and capillary networks that produce and secrete up to 500mL daily |
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| As CSF circulates, it is constantly reabsorbed so circulating volume is 100-160mL per day |
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| A clear, colorless liquid that contains proteins, salts, glucose, urea, and ions |
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| Probides buoyancy so the brain "floats" in the cranial cavity |
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| Serves as a shock absorber to protect the brain and spinal cord from jolts |
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| Provides a medium for exchanging nutrients and wastes between blood and nerve tissue |
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| CSF circulates through the ventricles into the central canal of the spinal cord an into the subarachnoid space before it is gradually reabsorbed back into the blood |
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| Accumulation of fluid in ventricles that can compress delicate nervous tissue and damage the brain due to any obstruction or inflammation of the brain that interferes with the circulation of CSF |
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| Why must the brain be well-supplied with O2 and nutrients? |
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Definition
| Because the brain is one othe the most metabolically active organsof the body... |
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| 10 second interruption of brain flow can cause... |
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Definition
| Can cause a loss of consciousness |
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| 1-2 minute interruption of blood flow to brain |
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Definition
| This amount of time without blood flow to the brain will cause impaired neurological funciton |
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| 4 minute interruption of blood flow to the brain... |
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Definition
| This amount of time of blood flow interruption to the brain can produce irreversible brain damage |
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| is highly permeable to water, glucose, urea, oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anaesthesia, but it blocks the delivery of most drugs |
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| Blood brain barrier of blood brain system |
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Definition
| Forces materials leaving the blood to pass through cell rather than between cells because brain capillaries are less permeable than most capillaries |
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| Blood-CSF barrier of brain barrier system |
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| Regulates the passage of materials from the CSF into the brain |
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| A continuation of the spinal cord that forms the inferior part of the brainstem |
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| Pyramids of the Medulla Oblongata |
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| Contain large motor tracts that connect the brain to the spinal cord |
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| Decussation of the pyramids |
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Definition
| Fibers from the left pyramid cross to right side of body and fibers from right pyramid cross to left side of body |
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| Olives of Medulla Oblongata |
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Definition
| located lateral to each pyramid and contain nuclei that relay sensory info from the brain and/or spinal cord to cerebellum |
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| Cardiac Control Center of the Brainstem |
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Definition
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| Vasomotor Control Center of the brainstem |
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| adjusts the diameter of blood vessels to regulate blood pressure |
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| Respiratory control center of the brainstem |
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Definition
| adjusts the rate and depth of breathing |
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| Other contol centers of the brainstem |
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| control reflexes associated with coughing, sneezing, swallowing, or vomitting |
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| Lies directly superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum |
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Contains tracts and nuclei that connect the brain with the spinal cord and parts of the brain with each other
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Definition
*Some nuclei work with the medullary respiratory center to control respiration
*Other nuclei are associated with equilibrium and posture, taste and swallowing, and hearing |
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Definition
| This portion of the brain extends from the pons to the lower portion of the diencephalon |
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| Cerebral Penducles of the Midbrain |
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Definition
| the anterior portion of the midbrain contains these which anchor the cerebrumt to the brainstem and carry motor signals to the medulla oblongata |
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| the main mass of the midbrain contains a highly vascular which connects with the cerebellum to permit fine motor control |
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| a darkly pigmented nucleus that controls subconscious muscle actions (highly practiced behaviors such as typing, wiriting, tying shoe) by relaying inhibitory signals to various parts of the brain |
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| Degeneration of neurons in this area leads to muscle tremors characteristic of Parkinson disease |
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| posterior portion of the midbrain |
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| (4) bulges that protrude from the roof of the tectum |
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| Superior Colliculi of Corpora Quadrigemina |
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Definition
Serve as reflex centers for blinking, focusing eyes, moving head and neck to visually track moving objects
(Mitch jumped and ppl in the front all turned to look) |
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| Inferior Colliculi of Corpora Quadrigemina |
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Definition
Serve as reflex centers for movements of head responding to auditory stimuli (sudden sound)
(Mitch said, "Meghan" and the Meghans looked) |
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| Reticular Foramen of the Brainstem |
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Definition
| Contains more than 100 small areas of gray matter interspersed among the medualla oblongata, pons, and midbrain |
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| Somatic Motor Control of Reticular Formation |
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Definition
| This part of the reticular formation maintains balance and posture in response to sensory signals from eyes and ears about body position and position of nearby objects |
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Definition
| This part of the reticular formaiton helps integrate cardiac center with the vasomotor center in medulla oblongata |
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| Plays a role in maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep (allows us to ignore traffic sounds and outer inconsequenial noises, but causes us to respond quickly to an alarm clock, cry of a child, or flash of lightning) |
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| This part of the brainstem transmits pain signals from lower body to cerebral cortex |
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| Damage to this formation can produce an irreversible coma |
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2nd largest portion of the brain and occupies inferior and posterior region of cranial cavity
*contains about 100 billion neurons, more than half of all neurons in the brain |
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| This region is organized into right and left side cerebellar hemishperes linked by medial vermis |
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| Surface of cerebellum consists of leaf-like ridges of gray matter called |
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| Depper tree-like mass of white matter of the cerebellum |
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| Pairs that attatch cerebellum to brainstem |
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| connect with medulla oblongata to facilitate muscle performance |
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| transmit signals from pons to coordinate muscle responses |
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| transmit motor signals through the midbrain and thalamus |
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| Reflex center of cerebellum |
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Definition
Part of cerebellum that coordinates subconscious movements of skeletal muscle necessary for muscle coordination, balance, maintaining posture
*involved in keeping time and perception of elapsed time |
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| Sensory input of cerebellum |
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Definition
| receives sensory info about positioning of limbs, joints, other body parts to maintain unconscious control over actions |
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| Largest component of diencephalon and surrounds the third ventricle, and contains pairs of oval masses of gray matter located beneath each cerebral hemisphere |
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"Gateway to Cerebral Cortex"
filters sensory impulses arriving from spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum before relaying them to cerebral cortex |
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| some receive and integrate info about pain, temp, light touch, and pressure, some receive and integrate infor about auditory, visual, and taste info, somoe relay signals to motor control areas in cerebrum, some are involved in emotion, memory, cognition (acquisition of knowledge) |
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| Located inferior to the thalamus and contains nuclei |
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| Two small bodies of the hypothalamus that play a role in memory |
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| stalk-like tissue that attatches pituitary gland to the hypothalamus |
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| Supraoptic and preoptic regions |
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Definition
| these parts of the hypothalamus are involved in autonomic and endocrine activities |
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Definition
| It's main function is to maintain homeostasis by regulating internal processes through ANS and endocrine system |
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| Functions of Nuclei of Hypothalamus |
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Definition
*integrating center for ANS regulates heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination, and other visceral activities
*some produce and release hormones to control pituitary gland
*hypothalamic thermostat moniters blood to control body temp ("heat losing center" controls vasodilation in skin and sweating, "heat producing center"-controls vasoconstriction, shivering, formation of goose bumps)
*hunger and satiety centers moniter levels of glucose and amino acids in the blood to regulate food intake
*a connection with the reticular formation regulates circadian rhythms associated iwth sleeping and waking
*some control anger, agression, far, pain, pleasure, and behaviors associated with sexual behavior |
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Definition
| Contains pineal gland and habenular nuclei |
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| part of epithalamus, plays a role in maintaining our "biological clock" |
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| part of epithalamus, involved in our emotional response to odors |
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Largest region of the brain
*accounts for 83% of total brain mass |
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| superficial layer of gray matter of cerebrum |
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| Gyri of cerebral cortex that increases surface area |
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| located between gyri and sulci of cerebral cortex |
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| These are located between gyri in the cerebral cortex |
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| thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum |
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| "5th lobe"-small mass of cortex deep to lateral sulcus |
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| Most of the cerebrum lies beneath the cerebral cortix and is comprised of..... |
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| the cerebrum is mostly comprised of this |
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| structure of the cerebrum that transmit nerve signals btwn gyri in the SAME hemisphere |
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| component of the cerebrum that transmit nerve signals from gyri in one hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the OPPOSITE hemisphere |
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| component of the cerebrum that form asceding tracts to carry nerve signals up to the cerebtum and form descending tracts to carry motor signals down to the brainstem and the spinal cord |
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| component of the cerebrum; masses of gray matter located lateral to the thalamus |
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| this comonent of the cerebrum recievs input from red nuclei and the substantia nigra of the midbrain to control muscle tone that is required for gross voluntary movements (walking) and specific fine movements |
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| Damage to this area of the cerebrum can produce the involuntary movements associated with Parkinson Disease |
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| a ring of structures around the corpus callosum and the thalamus |
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| Nuclei of the limbic system |
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Definition
| includes amygdala, and hipocampus nuclei, fornix tract, and cingulate gyrus |
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| nuclei of the limbic system that plays a role in expressing emotions through the use of gestures |
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| This particular nuclei of the limbic system is involved in emotion and behaviors that are associated with pleasure and pain and allows us to recogonize angry or fearful facial expressions; to assess danger; to elicit fear |
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| These nuclei of the limbic system are involved memory storage and may facilitate links btwn memory and emotions particularly those memories associated with pain, pleasure or smell |
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| Functions of the Cerebrum |
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Definition
| this region of the brain performs higher functions: interprets sensory impulses, controls voluntary motor responses, directs intellecutal processes, stores memories, and governs personality traits |
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Definition
| this higher brain function describes the phenomena of the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex; show handedness, that they are somewhat correlated with gender, and are prone to change as a person ages |
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Definition
| this hemisphere is more important for right hand control, spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and logic |
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Definition
| apperas to be more important for left-hand control, musical and artistic awareness, perception of patterns and spacial relationships, insight, imagination, mental imagry of sights, sounds, smells, and tastes |
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