Term
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Definition
| space in between the nuclear envelope |
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Term
Nuclear envelope structure ...
1- is represented by
2- is actually |
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Definition
1- two unit membranes separated by a space called perinuclear cistern
2- a single unit membrane enclosing the nuclear content and folded upon itself |
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Term
| Nucleoplasmic surface of the nuclear evnvelope is reinforced by |
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Definition
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Term
| fibrous lamina is composed of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| At intervals, the outer envelope is continuous with the organelle ______ |
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Definition
| granular endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| What are the "openings" in the nuclear envelope that are sites of transport of substances in and out of the nucleus? |
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Definition
| nuclear pores; not considered open channels |
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Term
| rod-like structure storing genetic information of the nucleus that are visible w/ by light microscopy ONLY in dividing cells |
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Definition
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Term
| fine particulate matter of chromosomes in non-dividing cells(interphase cells) |
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Definition
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Term
| Appearance of chromatin when viewed w/ EM? |
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Definition
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Term
| each bead on a chromatin strand |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA coiled around a core of protein in chromatin |
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Definition
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Term
| metabolically active form of chromatin where gene transcription results in the formation of RNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1- ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
2- messenger RNA (mRNA)
3- transfer RNA (tRNA) |
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Term
| sections of euchromatin is or is not visible in LM? |
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Definition
| not visible; it's largely colorless in H&E sections |
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Term
| metabolically inactive form of chromatin |
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Definition
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Term
| Structure of heterochromatin |
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Definition
| macromolecules are coiled upon themselves and gene transcription doesn't take place; accounts for a high degree of basophilic staining |
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Term
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Definition
| A more condensed and more intense and orderly structure than heterochromatin that is also metaboliccaly inactive |
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Term
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Definition
| symmetric half of a chromosome |
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Term
| The point where two symmetric halves of chromosomes (chromatids) are joined |
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Definition
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Term
| a dense, rod-like structure located adjacent to the nuclear envelope in non-dividing cells that represents a sex chromosome in cells of females |
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Definition
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Term
| the complete set of chromosomes of a cell |
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Definition
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Term
| basophilic body inside a nucleus that represent macromolecular complex of rRNA and protein |
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Definition
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Term
| e- lucent area of nucleolus (nucleolar organizer DNA regions) |
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Definition
| sites where genes of specific chromosomes are transcribing for rRNA |
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Term
| e- dense areas (pars fibrosa) |
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Definition
| accumulations of transcripts of rRNA genes |
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Term
| pars granulosa (granular regions) |
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Definition
| accumulations of RNA and maturing subunits of ribosomes |
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Term
| Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of rRNA and ribosomal subunits? |
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Definition
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Term
| What may be absent in cells that are inactive in protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| nonmembranous organelles consisting of macromolecular complexes of rRNA and protein |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the protein component of ribosomal subunits synthesized? |
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Definition
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Term
| a group of ribosomes held together by a strand of elongated molecule of mRNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are most ribosomes attached? |
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Definition
| the surface of rough ER or grouped into polysomes |
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Term
| RNA content of ribosomes has a strong affinity for what stains? |
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Definition
| basic dyes and hematoxylin; areas of cytoplasm rich in ribosomes exhibit basophilia |
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Term
| cytoplasmic proteins are synthesized by? |
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Definition
| Polysomes; e.g. the protein of hemoglobin in developing red blood cells and the contractile filaments of muscle cells |
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Term
| Proteins destine for export or inclusion in membranous organelles are synthesized by? |
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Definition
| Ribosomes attached to the rough ER |
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Term
| flattened cisternae w/ ribosomes attached to their external surface (facing the cytoplasm) |
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Definition
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER or granular ER |
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Term
| concentrations of rER visible w/ LM w/ basophilic staining |
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Definition
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Term
| all protein synthesis beings with... |
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Definition
| cytoplasmic polyribosomes that become attached to the ER upon recognition that the protein to be synthesized is destined for containment w/in cisternae of the ER |
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Term
| Structure of agranular (smooth) ER |
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Definition
| meshwork of anatomosing tubules w/out ribosomes; exhibit acidophilia (eosinophilic) when present in large concentrations |
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Term
| organelle that functions in lipid metabolism including the synthesis of steroid hormones and lipoproteins, detoxification of lipid soluble substances |
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Definition
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Term
| organelle that is the source of phospholipids for replenishing unit membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| Smooth ER in cross-striated muscle is specialized for what? |
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Definition
| sequestering calcium ions and important for initiating contraction |
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Term
| system of flattened membrranous sacs in a stacked configuration that doesn't stain w/ hematoxylin or eosin |
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Definition
| Golgi apparatus; negtive appearance (white) in H&E stain |
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Term
| proteins and polypeptides from the rER are conveyed by transport vesicles to the _____ face of the GA |
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Definition
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Term
| glycosylation and sulfation |
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Definition
glycosylation- addition of carbohydrates
sulfation- addition of sulfate
Modifications that occur at forming face of GA |
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Term
| proteins destined for export undergo concentration in _____ _____ of the GA |
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Definition
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Term
| limited vesicles originating from the GA containing hydrolytic or digestive enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
| what is found in all lysosomes? |
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Definition
| acid phosphatase, a "marker" enzyme |
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Term
| what protects the lysosomal membrane agasint digestion? |
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Definition
| luminal coating of sugar molecules attached to integral proteins |
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Term
| lysosomes have the capability of digesting organelles and other cytosolic components by a process known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| debris-filled vesicles that contain undigestible products that collect over the cell's life |
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Definition
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Term
| residual bodies in a neuron |
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Definition
| lipofuscin granules or aging pigments |
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Term
| storage diseases where cells accumulate materials that normally would have been digested are due to what? |
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Definition
| defective lysosomal content |
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Term
| membrane limited microbodies primarily associated w/ the beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids producing acetyl CoA for cellular metabolism, metabolism of alcohol, amino acids, and drugs, and synthesis of bile and cholesterol. |
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Definition
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Term
| spherical or oblong-shaped organelle found in all cells except red blood cells; comprised of a double unit membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| numerous folds formed by the invagination of inner mitochondrial membrane to increase the surface area for metabolic processes |
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Definition
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Term
| Organelle that synthesizes ATP molecules and provide energy for the synthetic processes of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| process of synthesizing ATP which utilizes substrates originating from the cytoplasm and mitochondrial enzymes in the matrix |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| what is responsible for the maintenance of internal ionic environment of mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| monomers of actin that often form bundles which is considered to be the mechanism for cell motion, changes in shape, cytoplasmic streaming, movement of the cell membrane, and serves as an element of the cytoskeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are finger-like projections stabilized by bundles of microfilaments that increase SA for transport and absorption of molecules across the cell membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| filaments of a similar chemical composition that are associated w/ specific cell types and is an important element of the cytoskeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| hollow, slender tubes composed of molecules of tubulin that have a dynamic feature. |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of microtubules |
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Definition
1. Cytoskeleton support
2. intracellular transport of vesicles
3. movement of the cell- sliding of microtubules along each other |
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Term
| "motor" protein that links vesicles to microtubules to produces anterograde motion(towards + end of microtubules) |
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Definition
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Term
| "motor" protein that links vesicles to microtubules to produces retrograde motion(towards - end of microtubules) |
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Definition
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Term
| hollow cylinder consisting of a wall that is composed of 9 triplets of short microtubules |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Functions of centrioles
1. Cell center
2. source of micro tubules
3. source of cilia |
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Definition
1. represent a point around which activities associated w/ cell division are centered
2. new microtubules are assembled from tublin molecules in the vicinity of centrioles which is essential for forming mitotic spindle and microtubules in newly formed daughter cells
3. Direct the formation of microtubules forming cilia |
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Term
| Long microtubules assembled in 9 doublets with an additional pair of microtubules in the center and a centrosome at the base |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| propel fluid (in uterine tube) or mucus (trachea) along the epithelial surface by beating back and forth in a synchronized, orderly manner |
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Term
| end products of cellular metabolism that do NOT participate in energy production, synthesis of proteins, movement of materials, etc. Passive substances that depend on organelles for subsequent fate |
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Definition
| Inclusions (of endogenous origin) |
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Term
| Condensation of chromatin, nucleolus disappears,paired centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell and coordinate formation of microtubules |
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Definition
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Term
| Nuclear membrane breaks down, microtubules of the spindle attach to chromosomes at kinetochore in the centromere, chromosomes migrate toward the equatorial region of spindle |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosomes are maximally condensed and are positioned at the equator of the spindle |
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Definition
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Term
| chromosome divide and daughter chromosomes migrate toward the opposite poles of the spindle |
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Definition
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Term
| chromatids uncoil, nuclear envelope forms, plasma membranes develop cleavage furrow, and cytokinesis occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| Eosin(E) stains stains (acidophilic/basophilic) structures pink to red color because the structure is more (acidic/basic) |
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Definition
| Eosin(E) stains stains (acidophilic) structures pink to red color because the structure is more (basic) |
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Term
| Hematoxylin(H) stains stains (acidophilic/basophilic) structures blue to purplish color because the structure is more (acidic/basic) |
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Definition
| Hematoxylin(H) stains stains (basophilic) structures blue to purplish color because the structure is more (acidic) |
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Term
| _____ staining is a staining technique to detect the presence of particular chemical groups, as revealed by predictable color reactions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an antibody labeled with a fluroescent dye reacts w/ a specific cellular macromolecule which represents the antigen. Locations of fluorescence represent the sites of distribution of antigen |
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Term
| Programmed cell death that occurs as a normal consequence of growth and development when a population of cells has no further function. |
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Definition
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Term
What occurs during these stages of apoptosis?
1. DNA fragmentation
2. cytoplasmic changes
3. loss of mitochondrial function
4. Membrane blebbing
5. formation of apoptotic bodies |
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Definition
1. onset of cell death and activation of nuclear endonucleases. Karyolysis (dissolution) and karyorrhexis (fragmentation) of DNA molecules
2. reduction of cell volume and clumping of cytoskeletal elements and ribosomes
3. Failure of e- transport, ATP production, and release of cytochromes into cytoplasm
4. changes in the components of cell membrane and cytoskeletal elements causing the cell to bud
5. cluster of membrane-limited vesicles containing remnants of nucleus and cytoplasm that will be phagocytosed |
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Term
| accidental or induced cell death brought about by irreversible cell injury; cellular swelling usually occurs and rupture of cell membrane w/ release of cell contents |
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Definition
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