Term
| Why do complex organisms require a cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
| They cannot rely on simple diffusion alone to provide the cells with enough nutrition |
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Term
| What are the three functions of the CVS? |
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Definition
| Homeostasis, Flow of blood and the transport of hormones |
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Term
| What are the two circulatory systems? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the sytemic system responsible for? |
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Definition
| Pumping blood round the body |
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Term
| WHat is the pulmonary system responsible for? |
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Definition
| Pumping blood to and from the lungs |
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Term
| Which system pumps blood at a high pressure? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which system pumps blood at a low pressure? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the four blood vessels fo the CVS? |
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Definition
| Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries and Veins |
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Term
| Which blood vessel has a high pressure? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which blood vessel has the highest resistance? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which blood vessel has the lowest pressure? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which blood vessel has the thinest diffusion distance? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How is flow through a system generated? |
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Definition
| From a high pressure to a low pressure |
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Term
| What creates blood pressure? |
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Definition
| The pumping mechanism of the heart |
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Term
| In which blood vessel is the greatest fall in pressure? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why does there need to be a sudden drop in blood pressure? |
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Definition
| So that the capillaries do not burst under a high blood pressure |
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Term
| What is systolic blood pressure? |
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Definition
| The maximum blood pressure of the system at that time |
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Term
| What is diastolic blood pressure? |
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Definition
| The minimum blood pressure of the system at that time |
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Term
| What is the pressure gradient equation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In the pressure gradient equation what does PD stand for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In the pressure gradient equation what does P1 stand for? |
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Definition
| Pressure at the artey end |
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Term
| In the pressure gradient equation what does P2 stand for? |
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Definition
| Pressure at the venous end |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| In Darcy's Law what does Q stand for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In Darcy's Law what does P stand for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In Darcy's Law what does R stand for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| In Poiseuilles Law what does Q stand for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In Poiseuilles Law what does DP stand for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In Poiseuilles Law what does r stand for? |
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Definition
| Radius of the blood vessel |
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Term
| In Poiseuilles Law what does L stand for? |
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Definition
| Length of the blood vessel |
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Term
| In Poiseuilles Law what does n (eta) stand for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What and why is the most important factor in Poiseuilles Law? |
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Definition
| Radius because it changes the most and is affected by the power of four |
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Term
| What is the blood velocity equation? |
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Definition
| V = Flow/ Cross Sectional Area |
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Term
| In which blood vessel is velocity at its lowest? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In which blood vessel is cross sectional area at its highest? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which side of the heart is recieving from pulmonary and delivering to systemic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which side of the heart is recieving from systemic and delivering to pulmonary? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle |
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Term
| What is the average stroke volume? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The total volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one minute |
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Term
| How do you work out cardiac output? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does CO mean in the cardaic output equation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does HR mean in the cardaic output equation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does SV mean in the cardaic output equation? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The amount of blood returning to the heart in one minute |
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Term
| Under steady condition Venous return equals what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of valves? |
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Definition
| Semi-lunar and atrioventricular |
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Term
| What produces the sounds of the heart? |
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Definition
| The closing of the valves |
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Term
| What causes the first sound produced by the heart? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the second sound produced by the heart? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Causes it's own contractions due to pacemakers independant of the brain |
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Term
| What are the two types of mycoytes? |
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Definition
| Conductive and Contractive |
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Term
| Outline the electronic mechanism of a heart contraction? |
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Definition
1. SAN send a wave of excitation across the atria causing them to contract
2. SAN impulse reaches AVN which causes another wave of excitation to travel down the bundle of HIS to the purkinje branches and finally up the purkinje fibres of the ventricle walls causing them to contract
3. There is a phase of no electronic activity where the heart refils |
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Term
| How does the SAN impulse not spread to the ventricles? |
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Definition
| There is a band of unconductive tissue that seperates the atriums from the ventricles |
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Term
| Outline the action potential mechanism of a pacemaker signal? |
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Definition
1. -60mV Na+ voltage gated ion channels open
2. -40mV Ca2+ voltage gated ion channels open
3. 18mV Na+ and Ca2+ voltage gated ion channels shut and K+ voltage gated ion channels open
4. -60mV K+ voltage gated ion channels close |
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Term
| Which is the fastest pacemaker? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How does the SAN control the pace of the AVN? |
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Definition
| How fast and frequent the signal is sent by the SAN directly effects how fast and frequent the signal of the AVN is sent |
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Term
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Definition
| The decrease in Ca2+ ions after the plateu of the action potential that causes the voltage to drop due to the Ca2+ ion acting as a releaser of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| How does a cardiac contraction differ from a skeletal contraction? |
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Definition
| No refractory period in cardiac and no tetany |
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Term
| What is an electrocardiogram? |
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Definition
| A machine that measures the electrical activity of the pacemakers in the heart |
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Term
| What does the P wave show? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does teh QRS complex show? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the T wave show? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| WHy is atrial repolarisation not shown on an ECG? |
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Definition
| It is masked by the intensity of the QRS complex |
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Term
| Outline the mechanism of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
1. Ventricles fill
2. Atrial contraction
3. Ventrcile contraction
4. Ventricle ejection
5. Ventricle relaxation |
|
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Term
| What is a phonocardiogram? |
|
Definition
| A machine that records the pressure in the different chambers of the heart |
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|
Term
| What is considered normal blood pressure? |
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Definition
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