Term
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Definition
| A letter or letters that change a root word's meaning |
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Term
| [INS1] Alphabetic Knowledge |
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Definition
| The ability to recognize, name, and write letters. |
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Term
| [INS1] Alphabetic Principle |
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Definition
| The understanding that there is a logical/systematic relationship between the sounds of spoken English and the letters and letter–patterns of written English. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to read words effortlessly |
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Term
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Definition
| an ELL avoids using difficult words and structures, opting for simpler ones instead |
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Term
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Definition
| a writing method in which the author explains reasons why something happened or the effects of something that has happened |
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Term
| [INS1] Chronological Order |
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Definition
| An organizational approach that follows an orderly progression of events based in time. |
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Term
| [INS1] Compare and Contrast |
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Definition
| An organizational approach where the author provides similarities and differences about two ideas |
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Term
| [INS1] Comprehensible Input |
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Definition
| information that can be understood despite language barriers |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more consonants that blend together when decoded, but each retains its own sound |
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Term
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Definition
| two consonants that make a single consonant sound when together in a word |
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Term
| [INS1] Cooperative Learning |
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Definition
| involves students working together to achieve an instructional goal |
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Term
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Definition
| words that follow common letter/sound correspondence rules and can be "sounded out" |
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Term
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Definition
| In reading out loud, being able to sound out words by breaking them into simple forms. In reading for comprehension, the understanding of how to read each letter or letter pattern in a word to determine the word’s meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| one vowel sound made by the combination of two vowel sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| the direction in which a language is read |
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Term
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Definition
| the 220 most frequently used words that are considered basic level to the reading of a first or second grader in English |
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Term
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Definition
| To make final comments/summation over what has been read or written. |
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Term
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Definition
| using individual sounds to spell a word |
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Term
| [INS1] English Language Learners (ELLs) |
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Definition
| Students who are learning the English language, or for whom English is not a first language |
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Term
| [INS1] English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS) |
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Definition
| ELL student expectations and proficiency level descriptors in the areas of reading, writing, listening, and speaking |
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Term
| [INS1] Figurative Language |
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Definition
| A word or phrase that does not have its normal everyday, literal meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| the 100 most frequently occurring words in the English language; often used for sight word instruction |
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Term
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Definition
| a list of important words to know along with their meanings |
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Term
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Definition
| A symbol, letter, or the combination of letters that represents a single sound. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| [INS1] Heterogeneous Group |
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Definition
| group comprised of individuals working on various levels |
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Term
| [INS1] High Frequency Words (ELL) |
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Definition
| Words that an English Language Learner will encounter frequently throughout his day and in multiple subject areas and social contexts. |
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Term
| [INS1] High-Frequency Word |
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Definition
| a word that appears often in grade-level text |
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Term
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Definition
| a written system that is a set of pictorial representations of concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| a catalogue list at the end of the text containing all of the topics discussed |
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Term
| [INS1] Inflectional Affix |
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Definition
| an affix that changes the form of the root or base word |
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Term
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Definition
| A graphic organizer used throughout a unit that shows what students know (K), want to know (W), and learned (L) |
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Term
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Definition
| process that occurs when students who are learning a new language transfer knowledge from L1 to L2 |
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Term
| [INS1] Letter Recognition |
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Definition
| the ability to name the letters in the alphabet and identify the characteristics of each letter |
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Term
| [INS1] Linguistic Supports |
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Definition
| tools and strategies used to aid in language acquisition |
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Term
| [INS1] Literacy-Related Abilities |
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Definition
| skills having to do with reading and writing |
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Term
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Definition
| Remembering events that occurred more than a few minutes ago |
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Term
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Definition
| the central point of the passage |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects used by students to illustrate and explore mathematical concepts, such as to represent numbers in an equation |
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Term
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Definition
| A combination of sounds that has meaning in speech or writing and cannot be divided into smaller grammatical parts. This includes prefixes and suffixes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of forms of words, including affixes, roots, stems, and parts of speech. |
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Term
| [INS1] Onset and Rime Production |
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Definition
| the ability to hear and understand that the sound(s) before the vowel in a syllable is the onset, and the vowel and everything that comes after it in a syllable is the rime |
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Term
| [INS1] Organizational Structure |
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Definition
| Text structure can include cause/effect, problem/solution, main idea/details, and/or sequence |
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Term
| [INS1] Overgeneralization |
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Definition
| the application of a grammar rule in a place where it doesn’t apply |
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Term
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Definition
| Putting something that was read, heard, or viewed into your own words. |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest individual sounds in a word |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to make a new word(s) by adding a phoneme to an existing word |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to blend two sounds to make a word |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to recognize and understand a word or sound(s) that remain when a phoneme is removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to can hear and recognize the individual sound in words |
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Term
| [INS1] Phoneme Manipulation |
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Definition
| the ability to perform phoneme deletion, addition, and substitution. |
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Term
| [INS1] Phoneme Segmentation |
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Definition
| the ability to break down a word into separate sounds, as they say and count each sound |
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Term
| [INS1] Phoneme Substitution |
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Definition
| the ability to substitute one phoneme for a different one |
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Term
| [INS1] Phonemic Awareness / Sound Awareness |
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Definition
| the ability to hear, identify, and re-create individual sounds in spoken words |
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Term
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Definition
| the sounds of human speech |
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Term
| [INS1] Phonics / Graphophonemic Principle |
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Definition
| Using the relationship between symbols (letters and words) and sounds of a language to read and write |
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Term
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Definition
| The general rules governing text |
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Term
| [INS1] Problem and Solution |
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Definition
| An organizational approach where the author presents a problem and possible solution |
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Term
| [INS1] R-Controlled Vowel |
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Definition
| a vowel followed by the letter r where the "r" that doesn't make its normal short or long sound |
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Term
| [INS1] Rhyme Awareness / Rhyming |
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Definition
| the ability first to hear words that rhyme and then to be able to produce a rhyme(s) |
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Term
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Definition
| A scoring guide based on several criteria rather than a single numerical score |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of teaching that involves gradually removing aids when teaching new concepts |
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Term
| [INS1] Schema (when reading) |
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Definition
| Background knowledge a reader brings to a text. |
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Term
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Definition
| Common sentence starters provided to students to use when generalizing, summarizing, or transitioning between ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| word that cannot be decoded because it doesn't follow standard phonics rules and must be recognized by sight |
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Term
| [INS1] Sight Word Instruction |
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Definition
| the approach taken when teaching high frequency, often irregular words to early readers |
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Term
| [INS1] Small Group Instruction |
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Definition
| a few members of the class learning together, as opposed to whole-group instruction |
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Term
| [INS1] Students with Interrupted Formal Education (SIFE) / Students with Limited or Interrupted Formal Education (SLIFE) |
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Definition
| ELLs with significant gaps in literacy in their home language due to limited educational opportunities |
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Term
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Definition
| a title for a smaller portion of text |
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Term
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Definition
| Writing or speaking a brief description of more extensive information by covering only the main/most important points, without details. |
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Term
| [INS1] Syllable Awareness / Syllabication / Syllable Segmentation |
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Definition
| the ability to hear individual parts/syllables of words |
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Term
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Definition
| a text feature found on a page before the start of a written work that lists chapter names or section titles along with their corresponding page numbers |
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Term
| [INS1] Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) |
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Definition
| The state foundation curriculum developed by the State Board of Education, that requires all students to demonstrate the knowledge and skills necessary to read, write, compute, problem solve, think critically, apply technology, and communicate across all subject areas |
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Term
| [INS1] To make final comments/summation over what has been read or written. |
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Definition
| Words in two languages that share a similar meaning, spelling, and pronunciation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of student learning when students are able to use the knowledge or skill in new situation |
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Term
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Definition
| Phrases and words used to link sentences, paragraphs, and ideas together. |
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Term
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Definition
| help students with visual impairments/blindness process visual information |
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Term
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Definition
| two vowels that make a single vowel sound when together in a word, also known as "vowel teams" |
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Term
| [INS1] Whole Word Reading |
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Definition
| reading a word by sight, without attempting to decode it |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking down words into morphemes, or the smallest units of meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| knowing that individual words make up a sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of words with a shared ending letter group/sound |
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Term
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Definition
| theorist known for developing Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Term
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Definition
| a platform from which students share their writing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| teaching that offers multiple options for learning the material based on different student needs and learning styles |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of many types of files artfully arranged to tell one’s story |
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Term
| [INS2] Direct Instruction |
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Definition
| a teacher-led approach to instruction in which the instructor provides information on a concept and is the sole expert in the room |
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Term
| [INS2] Experiential Instruction / Experiential Learning |
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Definition
| students have the opportunity to experience concepts that have been taught in the classroom firsthand and then reflect on the learning that has occurred to make connections from the classroom to the field |
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Term
| [INS2] Heterogeneous Group |
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Definition
| group comprised of individuals working on various levels |
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Term
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Definition
| group comprised of individuals working on the same level |
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Term
| [INS2] Multimedia Equipment |
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Definition
| devices used to bring digital content into the classroom (or other setting) |
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Term
| [INS2] Negative Punishment |
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Definition
| removing a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to decrease the likelihood of the behavior |
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Term
| [INS2] Negative Reinforcement |
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Definition
| removing a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to increase the likelihood of a behavior |
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Term
| [INS2] Non-Verbal Response |
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Definition
| a way to communicate without speaking |
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Term
| [INS2] Positive Punishment |
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Definition
| presenting a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to decrease the likelihood of the behavior |
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Term
| [INS2] Positive Reinforcement |
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Definition
| presenting a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a penalty given in response to a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| objects used in everyday life brought into the classroom to enhance instruction |
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Term
| [INS2] Reciprocal Teaching |
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Definition
| a dialog between teachers and students regarding segments of text; there are four parts: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of formality with which one speaks |
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Term
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Definition
| providing positive responses to positive behaviors in an effort to increase the frequency |
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Term
| [INS2] Risk-Free Environment |
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Definition
| an environment in which one feels comfortable to take chances and try new things |
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Term
| [INS2] Standards-Based Instruction |
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Definition
| instruction designed to align with given standards |
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Term
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Definition
| video conference that uses the internet to connect a host to an audience |
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Term
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Definition
| an ELL avoids using difficult words and structures, opting for simpler ones instead |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of many words to describe something when fewer would be sufficient |
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Term
| [INS3] Communicated Accommodations |
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Definition
| linguistic accommodations that ensure comprehensible input |
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Term
| [INS3] Communicative Competence |
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Definition
| the ability to communicate effectively in terms of grammar rules and social context |
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Term
| [INS3] Comprehensible Input |
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Definition
| information that can be understood despite language barriers |
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Term
| [INS3] Content-Based ESL Instruction |
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Definition
| method that integrates English-as-a-Second-Language instruction with subject matter instruction |
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Term
| [INS3] Discourse Competence |
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Definition
| knowledge of how to put together words, phrases, or sentences to construct long conversations, written messages, or speeches |
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Term
| [INS3] English Language Learners (ELLs) |
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Definition
| Students who are learning the English language, or for whom English is not a first language |
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Term
| [INS3] Language Objective |
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Definition
| the specific language skill or knowledge that the student is expected to master in a lesson |
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Term
| [INS3] Linguistic Accommodated Testing (LAT) |
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Definition
| testing accommodations used for the various content area tests |
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Term
| [INS3] Linguistic Competence / Grammatical Competence |
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Definition
| knowledge of how to use the grammar, syntax, and vocabulary of a language |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to think about one’s own thought process |
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Term
| [INS3] No Child Left Behind (NCLB) |
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Definition
| a 2002 federal law that focused on holding schools accountable for student learning and achievement and was initially developed to assist disadvantaged students |
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Term
| [INS3] Pragmatic Competence |
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Definition
| knowledge of how to use language effectively in order to achieve a specific purpose in different contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of formality with which one speaks |
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Term
| [INS3] Scaffolded Accommodations |
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Definition
| linguistic accommodations that structure support |
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Term
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Definition
| an organized way of viewing the world and using this organization to incorporate new knowledge |
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Term
| [INS3] Sequenced Accommodations |
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Definition
| linguistic accommodations that provide differentiated Instruction |
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Term
| [INS3] Sociolinguistic Competence |
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Definition
| knowledge of how to use language and respond appropriately based on the setting, topic, and social situation |
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Term
| [INS3] Strategic Competence |
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Definition
| knowledge of how to recognize and fix communication breakdowns, or how to express ideas if there is lack of knowledge of the right word (verb, noun, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| An on-going bulletin board with common terms used frequently in the classroom. Vocabulary words are added as they are introduced |
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Term
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Definition
| When one culture takes on some of the cultural traits of another culture. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| emotional influences on learning |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning primarily by hearing things |
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Term
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Definition
| Lessons using materials for students to listen to. |
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Term
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Definition
| teaching that offers multiple options for learning the material based on different student needs and learning styles |
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Term
| [INS4] Kinesthetic Learning / Tactile Learning |
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Definition
| Learning primarily by touching things or doing an activity |
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Term
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Definition
| The manner in which a student learns best |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lessons using materials for students to touch and handle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning primarily by seeing things |
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Term
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Definition
| Lessons using materials for students to view. |
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Term
| [INS5] Criterion-Referenced Tests |
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Definition
| Tests in which a standard has been set for the test taker to achieve in order to pass the test. |
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Term
| [INS5] Curriculum-Based Assessments |
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Definition
| testing the curriculum being taught |
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Term
| [INS5] Diagnostic Assessment / Pre-Assessment |
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Definition
| Assessment administered before instruction to determine students' strengths and weaknesses |
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Term
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Definition
| A short formative assessment given by a teacher after completing a lesson to determine the degree to which students have learned the material taught in the lesson. |
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Term
| [INS5] Formal Assessments |
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Definition
| a usually post-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student knowledge, retention, and application. Often involve the use of a standardized rubric or scoring guide based on several criteria. |
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Term
| [INS5] Formative Assessments |
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Definition
| Assessment for learning. Usually mid-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student progress and informing the teacher so instruction can be altered as needed. |
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Term
| [INS5] Informal Assessments |
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Definition
| More flexible than formal assessments and can be adjusted to fit the situation and particular needs of the student being tested |
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Term
| [INS5] Norm-Referenced Tests |
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Definition
| Tests that compare an individual's performance/achievement to a group called the "norm group." |
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Term
| [INS5] Performance-Based Assessment |
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Definition
| A kind of assessment that requires students to show mastery of specific skills by demonstrating, producing, or performing something |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of student's work and achievements that is used to assess past accomplishments and future potential; can include finished work in a variety of media and can contain materials from several courses over time |
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Term
| [INS5] Progress Monitoring |
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Definition
| periodic assessments to monitor student growth and evaluate the effectiveness of instruction |
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Term
| [INS5] Qualitative Assessments |
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Definition
| assessments that describe a person, object, or activity |
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Term
| [INS5] Quantitative Assessments |
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Definition
| assessments that objectively measure a specific performance |
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Term
| [INS5] Summative Assessments |
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Definition
| Assessment of learning. Given at specific points in time in order to determine what students know and don't know. Summative assessments are generally formal. |
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Term
| [INS5] Universal Screener |
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Definition
| An assessment administered to all students to gather data and form groups, such as intervention groups |
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