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Texas History MT #1
Vocabulary, Terms and concepts.
129
History
Undergraduate 1
09/21/2009
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Term
What was the Bering Land Bridge Theory?
 Definition
- The exposure of aland bridge between Alaska and Russia [after an ice age] that Europeans traveled over to populate Canada and US.
Term
What is the idea of Social Darwinism?
 Definition
created by Darwin, the idea of survival of the fittest and natrual selection. Strong wipe out the weak.
Term
What was the Paleolithic period like?
 Definition
6000 BCE- many paleolithic Indians were hunter-gatherers. Most early Texas indians hunted mammoth and bison.
Term
what was the Pleistocene Overkill?
 Definition
when the paleolithic Indians killed mammoth and bison into extinction.
Term
How long have humans been in Texas?
 Definition
12,000 Years
Term
Talk about the PaleoIndians: hunting methods, where they roamed.
 Definition
used 'clovis-fluted Points' to kill game, Found in Abilene, Plainview and near Clovis, New Mexico.
Term
What were the three tips called to kill game?
 Definition
Clovis, Plainview and Folsom [like folsom prison]
Term
Describe what Hunter-Gatherer societies were like; What are pictographs? What are Shamans? What drug was normally found near pictographs?
 Definition
- hunt-gath societies were mostly nomadic and followed the heards. Pictographs- cave drawings often depicting relgious concepts
Shamnas- religious leaders. Drug: Peyote
Term
What were Neolithic [agricultural] Indians like?
 Definition
Caddo people were Neolithic. Inhabitied East TX and relied mostly on Agriculture. In their tribes, the women were the farmers [THAT'S WHATS UP] but men soon emerged because their community needed law enforcement.
Term
Matriarchal vs. Patriarchal?
 Definition
matriarchal- women ran things, Patriarchal- men ran things. [ Northand South America, female DOMESTICATE society :)]
Term
what is Matrilineal?
 Definition
When everything comes through the line of the mother. ex: taking woman's maiden name.
Term
What was bride wealth?
 Definition
In Indian Society when a male had to pay money to the family to remove her from the family [He has to pay because he is taking an agricultural producer away]
Term
What was religion like in early neolithic times?
 Definition
- believed in supreme beings and nature.
Term
what was society and marriage like in neolithic era?
 Definition
Monogamal- married one person [mono=1] also believed in and practiced divorce.
Term
What were the first neolithic tribes like?
 Definition
indians were great at adapting to climate change, and finding new ways to survive. some even built great sociieties like the caddo people.
Term
Why did Spanish want to Explore the new world?
 Definition
gold, God and glory
Term
What were Columbus' Intentions?
 Definition
He got permission to sail to Portugese to get spices and silk [to preserve good and shoot guns easier]. He took no skilled people, only a notary. He never made it to America, only made to haiti and Cuba.
Term
What were Hernan Cortez's Intentions?
 Definition
Practically lets his people roam around mexico city and infect the people with disease. Leaves and comes back in time for the disease to take effect. Brings back gold and Silver from mex. City.
Term
What Is Imperealism? Biological Imperealism?
 Definition
power through family and spreading power. Biological Imperealism-
Term
what is the columbian exchange?
 Definition
An of crops, spices, cattle, disease and wealth between Europe and the new world. Tomatoes traveled to Europe and change diet completely. Potatotes change ireland. Syphillis 'New World disease'
Term
who were the Four early Spanish Expiditions?
 Definition
Pineda, Cabeza de Vaca, Coronado, and De Soto.
Term
What did the Exploration of the new world create in political terms?
 Definition
Capitalism and Democracy.
Term
How did the Spanish first feel about Texas?
 Definition
It was a FAR outpost of the Spanish Empire, have little interest except for 'seven cities of gold in Cibola', and think it is hostile environment with hostile indians.
Term
what is Cabeza de vaca's story?
 Definition
the Ill fated expedition that go into florida, get stranded and captured as slaves for 6 years. Some get away and escape to Texas.[bring back stories to Mexico about gold]
Term
who was the first black man in Texas?
 Definition
Estevanico- came with Cabeza de Vaca.
Went back to Texas with Marcos to find gold but was killed.
Term
What is Coronado's story?
 Definition
took 300 horseman and 100+ indians for work. Realized that the 7 cities of cibola do not exist. [read more up on]
Term
Who is De la Salle?
 Definition
the first French explorer from canada. sails down Mississippi river in 1682 and establishes land he sees for his king. In 1684- four ships and him land in matagorda. Establish fort St. Louis; leaves and comes back to find ships gone. His own men assisante him.
Term
What do the Spanish do to Fort St. Louis and why?
 Definition
They destroy it because they now realize they must protect texas. [1721]
Term
Why is East texas the pride for the spanish?
 Definition
they see potential in it because it is fertile and the have boundaries to protect.
Term
who was the first priest who went to Texas and liked it and wanted to set up missions in 1690?
 Definition
De Leon, along with three priests, settle in present day houston and establish "Mission San francisco de los Tejas"
Term
What causes De leon to decide to abandon the mission in 1693?
 Definition
Small pox, disease, drought, and growing hostility with the indians.
Term
1699- the french return and build forts where?
 Definition
Biloxi Mosurri and Mobile Alabam.
Term
What are French govorner Cadillac's ideas?
 Definition
He wants to befriend the spanish and start trading- he sents St Denis to do this [he marries Nobleman's daughter]
Term
What are French govorner Cadillac's ideas?
 Definition
He wants to befriend the spanish and start trading- he sents St Denis to do this [he marries Nobleman's daughter]
Term
What do the Spanish do when st. denis and his wife move into East Tx and why?
 Definition
the spanish set up six missions to protect the land from the River.
Term
1714-1763 Europe is at war with each other known as the 'first world war' what is the most important one?
 Definition
1756-1763 "the seven years war' or "THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR"- important because at the end of the war, there is land exchanged and boundaries are cleared up.
Term
Why do the spansih decide to come into San Antonio?
 Definition
it is a middle point between the north and mexico city.
Term
how many missions do the Spanish build in S.A.?
 Definition
8, most famous: Alamo.
Term
ten families from where come to live in the new missions?
 Definition
Canary islanders:come to settle Villa de Bexar
Term
How was villa de bexar with the 10 canary island families successful?
 Definition
- by 1820- there were 2000 citizens. created a self gov't. land based economy. had laws.
Term
how many years does it take the spanish to recruit the canary island families?
 Definition
it takes them about 12 years 1719-1729
Term
What were the special privalages the first canary settlers got?
 Definition
Title of Hidalgo, land and water rights, right to establish municipal gov't, one year funded and given all supplies to farm.
Term
What is Hidalgo mean and why is it important?
 Definition
Son of something, the lowest title of nobility that you can recieve in Spain. It is important because you may become poor but you still have a title.
Term
Why is Almazan important during the settlement of the Canary islanders?
 Definition
he gives the Islanders land right next to the presidio [protection]. Their crops flourish. they create an Acequia- irragatin system in SA.
Term
What are Neophytes?
 Definition
Indians who have recently converted to Catholicism and living in missions.
Term
What Are Ranchos?
 Definition
The Concept of TX ranching.
Term
What was the Seven Years war?
 Definition
The most important war from 1756-1763 of the 'first World Wars' between the French and Indians.
Term
During the Seven years war, why does France give New Orleans and Western Louisiana to spain?
 Definition
to keep the british from controlling the mouth of the Mississippi River.
Term
What was the signifigance of the Peace treaty of paris of 1763?
 Definition
Spain got to keep Lousiana Territory.
Term
Who creates regulations for the presidios and what does he decide to do in 1772?
 Definition
Marques de Rubi- abandon all missions except San An de bexar, La Bahia because he can't protect the missions. He also creatses 'secularization'.
Term
What Else does Marques De Rubi want to do?
 Definition
Migrate citizens from East Texas to San Antonio. They are unhappy and are only allowed to move back to Nachedoches, not Natchitoches.
Term
What is the New Indian Policy and who is led by?
 Definition
An attempt to befriend and have peace with the Indians. Led by the french leader Mezieres - he only gains peace with the Witchita Indians but not the Comanche or the Apache.
Term
When does Spain lose Lousiana territory back to the french?
 Definition
1800
Term
So, we know that the French and Spanish and Indians have been fighting, but who is now coming into view?
 Definition
The United States Of America.
Term
what is the Lousiana Purchase of 1803 and how do the spanish react to this purchase??
 Definition
US buys louisana from France by Jefferson for 15 million dollars. wow.. Spanish react to the purchase by creating a NEW policy for TX.
Term
what does Spanish's new policy call for?
 Definition
clearer borders and a '3 point plan' to control texas
Term
what does the three point plan call for?
 Definition
1. spain hold territory with ancient boundaries 2.spain increase garrisons and colonize the territory with settlers loyal to the crown of spain 3. keep anglo-american intruders out!
Term
Who was Philip Nolan?
 Definition
a filibuster who was taking horses out of spain and into the americas with the Spanish's permission.- Spanish get suspicious because he brings 17 armed men with him so they kill him.
Term
who was the 'almost war' between in 1806? what was it over?
 Definition
US and Spain over territory
Term
what caused the 'almost war' between spain the the US?
 Definition
US occupies small area by natchitoches, Spain and US are ready to fight over the small piece of land between natchitoches and the Sabine River.
Term
who is the Spanish General who things the US and Spain should create a neutral ground?
 Definition
Salcedo.
Term
What expedition did jefferson lead and what river did it occur on?
 Definition
"Red River Expedition" on the Red River- wanted to find overland water connection from Lousiana to Santa fe.
Term
Who went into mission Valero and called for truce?
 Definition
Alamo de Parras and his men- this is how the Alamo got its name.
Term
when was the Neutral ground agreement signed?
 Definition
November 5, 1806
Term
What are the two types of people trying to immigrate texas?
 Definition
1) ambitious, hard working people who are looking to build homes and 2) filibusters with political ambitions.
Term
what was the Adams-Onis treaty of 1819?
 Definition
run by John Quincy Adams- settled the border dispute.
Term
who was the leader of the Mexican Revolution?
 Definition
Hidalgo
Term
who is considered the "Mother Of Texas"?
 Definition
Jane Long
Term
Who is an empresario? and who was the first one?
 Definition
Moses Austin [son: Stephen F Austin] was first empresario- and he wanted to grant land and start a colony.
Term
who is considered the "father of texas"
 Definition
stephen f Austin
Term
the early paleoindians who inhabitited the High Plains, or lano estacado, are generally designated as the... _____ Indians..
 Definition
clovis
Term
around 2500 BC, the culture of the paleoindians changed in all the following ways EXCEPT
1)they began to grow corn
2)they began to develope iron weapons and tools
3)they domesticated the dog
4) they used a variety of stone points and tools.
 Definition
2) they began to develop iron weapons and tools.
Term
our understanding of American indian cultures before 1490 may be partially or completely incorrect because the
a) pops of native poeple declined very rapidly after the arrival of the spanish
b) explorerers were often more interested in finding gold and didnt care much for the Indians.
c) early exploreres were not prepared to evaluate other cultures so differnt from their own
d) all of the above
 Definition
all of the answers are reasons.
Term
what is true of native-American cultures in Tx?
1] most tribes were sedentar and grew crops
2]the family was the basic social unit for the American indians
3] most am. indian tribes believed in a single supreme god
4] native american societies strictly prohibited any form of divorce.
 Definition
b) the family was the basic social unit
Term
All of the following tribes of Indians came to Texas after Europeans arrived EXCEPT this one
1) cherokee
2. karankawa
3. apache
4.comanche
 Definition
b. karankawa
Term
the spanish explored the world for
1. god
2. glory
3. gold
4. all of the above
 Definition
all three
Term
instead of the seven cities of gold, coronado found
1) the gold mine near modern day san saba
2) pueblo dwellings filled with hostile Indians
3) quivira, the glided land sacred to the apaches
4) the remnants of la Salle's village on the Gulf
 Definition
2. pueblo dwellings filled with hostile indians.
Term
The first permanent European settlement within the present boundaries of Texas was at Ysleta which is near
1. san antonio
2. goliad
3. Corpus christi
4. El paso
 Definition
El paso
Term
The French explorer LaSalle brought soldiers and settlers and wandered along the Texas coast. What happened to him and to the settlements he established?
 Definition
he lost all his ships, his own life, and the lives of most of his settlers.
Term
what was the importance of TX to spain by 1750?
 Definition
Tx was unimportant except to hold territory that otherwise might be taken by the french.
Term
when the spanish controlled tx, their biggest fear for tx was that the...
 Definition
french of Louisiana would move west and claim TX
Term
Nuevo Santander, a province of new Spain...
1. extended along the gulf coast from la Bahia south to Tampico
2. started in Santa Fe and extended all the way to baja cali
3. included what is now called the Hill country
was the province surrounding mexico city
 Definition
he extended along the gulf coast from la bahia south to tampico
Term
why did some Indian tribes such as the Tonkawas and Apches want mnissionaries and soldiers sent to them?
 Definition
to be protected from the other indian tribes.
Term
Was slavery common or uncommon in tx?
 Definition
it was uncommin in Spanish Tx with slaves making up far less than 10% of the population.
Term
were most of the inhabitants of texas pure spanish birth?
 Definition
no, mestizo, canary islanders, french...
Term
in the treaty of paris of 1763 that ended the seven years war, who was Lousiana ceded to?
 Definition
Spain.
Term
Why did the Marqués de Rubí recommend the abandonment of the East Texas settlements?
1.Spanish soldiers could not keep the Comanches and Apaches from attacking Los Adaes
2. Aggressive Anglo-Americans were moving into the area with their slaves.
3. Philip Nolan and others were using them to smuggle horses out of Texas.
4. They were no longer needed as a barrier against French aggression
 Definition
4. the missions were no longer needed as a barrier against french agression.
Term
who were the earliest mexican revolutionaries led by?
 Definition
father hidalgo
Term
Mexico's war of independence from Spain was finally ended by a successful alliance between
 Definition
a criollo army officer loyal to spain and the leader of the liberal revolutionaries.
Term
spanish rule ended in texas when...
 Definition
mexican revolutionary forces in central mexico won independence from Spain.
Term
mexican americans in texas descend from people of which ancestry?
 Definition
iberian [Spanish] and mexican Indian.
Term
in 1492, the spanish waged a campaign called the 'reconquista' which allowed...
 Definition
the spanish crown to drive Islamic moors out of spain and for the spanish crown to regain control of their nation.
Term
the pobladores [settlers] numbered how many in tx by 1777?
 Definition
3,103
Term
All of the following EXCEPT represent the "four well-known" institutions used by the Spanish to colonize new territory
1. missions
2. presidios
3. ranching and farming
4. irrigation.
 Definition
irrigation was not used to colonize the new tx.
Term
spanish Tx had four major urban arease that included
 Definition
nacodoches, goliad, san antonio and laredo.
Term
the frontier identity in texas was unique because...
1. based on family ties and friendship
2. had varied social strata
3. had varied racial ancestry
4. all of the above
 Definition
all of the above
Term
true or false, Tejanos local interests were alwyas under the imperial power.
 Definition
false. their wants and needs came abovve the imperial power.
Term
women had greater privaliges then those of anglo american background because they could...
 Definition
qualify for land grants, had the right to own property, and the right to judicial adress
Term
but women could not...
 Definition
hold a position in office.
Term
by the late 1700's, new Spain was unhappy with the crown was because..
 Definition
enlightenment rhetoric that emphasized the rights of man, the success of the Am. Revolution in breaking from england in 1783 and the crowns bad job at handling international affairs
Term
what was the new policy of 'securilzation' in the 1790's?
 Definition
closing allt he missions in texas.
Term
by the end of the 1700's, Texas had grown to an estimated ____ people with half living in ________
 Definition
5000 people with half living in San Antonio
Term
Historian David J. Weber argues that traditional institutions like the Church, the state bureaucracy, and the military did not influence the development of Spanish Texas as much as
 Definition
the immediate enviornment and local circumstances.
Term
Another element that influenced the development of the Spanish frontier in Texas in the late eighteenth century was
1.the inability of local leadership
2. the social extravagances of the upper class
3. remotemness to the nearest seat of gov't
4. encroaching anglo-american sentiment
 Definition
3. remotemenss to the nearest seat of government
Term
under father Hidalgo, who were most of the follewrs of the mexican revolution?
 Definition
poor people and lower class
Term
Several of the elite families in Texas endorsed the Revolution but when Spain reasserted its power in the region many of those families did all of the following EXCEPT
1. stood their ground and defended their homes.
2. fled their ranches and hid as common workers.
3. fled to the wilderness and survived among the native populations or escaped to Louisiana.
4. were hunted and killed by the Crown's military.
 Definition
they did not stand their ground.
Term
how many years did mexico fight for their Independence, and what year were they finally granted this?
 Definition
they fought it for elven years and finally were granted independence in 1821
Term
in texas, the new mexican government instituted regulations that...
1. expanded the burgeoning cattle industry.
2. prevented the expansion of the cattle industry.
3. neither prevented nor enabled the expansion of the cattle industry.
4. All of the above.
 Definition
they prevented the expansion of the cattle industry
Term
In Mexican Texas, what determined social class?
 Definition
position in gov't, membership in a prominent family, and business membership and/or land ownership
Term
true or false, Men's attitudes toward women changed for the worse (for women) under Mexican leadership, compared to the rather liberal attitudes under the previous Spanish leadership
 Definition
false
Term
The late Spanish colonial leadership encouraged Anglo-American migration to Texas by establishing the land grant system. Mexico struggled with this idea but finally decided ...
 Definition
to pursue the idea by recognizing the first grant issued by the Spanish to Moses Austin.
Term
Who was Pineda and why was his expedition important to Tx History?
 Definition
he mapped out the gulf coast of mexico.
Term
Who was Cabeza de vaca and what was his story?
 Definition
brought first black man, Estavanico, on his 'ill-fated' trip where him and his men were swept ashore on Galveston. Him and his men were taken slaves for 6 years- finally escaped and wandered to Culiacan outpost.
Term
who was Coronado and why was his expedition important/
 Definition
coronado explored north Texas in search for Cibola and the seven cities of gold, he found pueblos with hostile Indians
Term
who was De soto and what did he explore?
 Definition
"The pig man"- explored gulf coast like pineda.
Term
Who took over de Soto's expedition?
 Definition
MOROSCO takes over de soto's expedition.
Term
what was the first european settlemtn in texas boundareies?
 Definition
Mission Corpus christi de la Isleta on the site of Yslata- [el paso]
Term
what was the first mission in East texas and who built it?-- why did it close?
 Definition
Father Massanet and three other priests set u the first eastern mission in Hasinai confederacy-- it closed becasue of disease.
Term
who founded mission de valero [Alamo], what else did he establish?
 Definition
Alcoron- he also established Presidio San Antonio de Bexar.
Term
who financed a mission for three years for the Apache Indians in 1756?
 Definition
terreros- he required his cousin 'father alonso de terrores' to be in charge.
Term
what were spain's two successful expansions by 1760?
 Definition
Goliad and Laredo
Term
what were the Spanish's intentions in building missions?
 Definition
wanted to christianize the indians, teach them customs of spanish life and extende influence of Spain.
Term
who ran the missions?
 Definition
franciscans [members of catholic religious order, employees of the king]
Term
Missions could not be established without consent from who?
 Definition
the viceroy. [or vergical assent]
Term
how long were missions built to last? and what happened after this period of time?
 Definition
10 years; they were to be taken over by a secular clergy [village priest]
Term
what was the most successful san antonio mission?
 Definition
San Jose
Term
Why was the mission of San Jose in San Antonio so great?
 Definition
had own government, the indians were well behaved and hard working.
Term
what govorner was against the idea of missions?
 Definition
Franquis de Lugo
Term
what could a govorner of a mission in Texas do?
 Definition
command army and militia, grant land titles, supervise fiscal affairs, execute laws and decrees.
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