Term
| how many days after menses should a breast/axillae be done on a female |
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Definition
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Term
| palpation of the breasts is best performed in what position |
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Definition
| supine. The other five positions are for looking at symmetry ect.. |
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Term
| which fingers do you use to exam the breast and in what position |
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Definition
| use the finger pads of teh 2, 3, and 4th fingers with the patient in the supine position |
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Term
| what's the best pattern to exam/palpate the breast? |
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Definition
| vertical strip pattern (lawn mower) |
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Term
| what structure is in the breasts that can be confused with enlarged axillary lymph nodes |
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Definition
| nodules in the tail of the breast in the axilla AKA Tail of spence. |
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Term
| sweat gland infection is called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| deeply pigmented, velvety axillary skin is called |
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Definition
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Term
| how long after lactation is stopped would discharge from the nipple be considered abnormal |
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Definition
| after 6 months = abnormal |
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Term
| List three things that can cause abnormal lactation from nipples |
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Definition
1. hypothyroidism
2. pituitary prolactinoma
3. dopamine agonist |
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Term
| what type of breast mass am I? round, disclike, lobular shapped, firm but soft, very mobile, not usually tender |
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Definition
| fibroadenoma which is common in younger people and a cyst which is more common in older people before menopause |
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Term
| stellate shaped masses in the breast are often what |
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Definition
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Term
| retraction signs associated with cancer of the breast are the result of? |
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Definition
| firbrosis which shortens tissues and causes dimpling, changes in contour and retraction |
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Term
| Cancer is one cause of retraction signs, what are two other causes |
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Definition
1. fat necrosis
2. mammary duct ectasia |
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Term
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Definition
| when lymphs nodes swollen due to cancer than fluid builds up in skin and skin is thickened in breast in areas of the pores on the nipples. This enlargement is called peau d' orange |
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Term
| what is the fornix of the vagina |
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Definition
| The fornices of the vagina (sing. fornix of the vagina or fornix vaginae) are the superior portions of the vagina, extending into the recesses created by the vaginal portion of cervix. The word "fornix" is Latin for "arch". |
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Term
| what is the introitus of the vagina |
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Definition
| An introitus is an entrance that goes into a canal or hollow organ. The vaginal orifice is an introitus that leads to the vaginal canal. |
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Term
| for diagnosis of menopause the patient needs to have an absence of menses for how many months? At what age is this most common? |
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Definition
| absence of menses for 12 consecutivie months. Most common at ages 48-55 |
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Term
| Post menopausal bleeding is not normal. Postmenopausal bleeding after ____ months since last period may be from what four things 4x |
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Definition
postmenopausal bleeding after 6 months of cessation of menses is not normal.
Causes:
1. Cervical polyps
2. Uterine Polyps
3. Endometerial cancer
4. Hormone replacement |
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Term
| mom breastfeeding casues what kind of amneorrhea |
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Definition
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Term
| primary dysmenorrhea (pain wiht menses) occurs as a result of increased production of what hormones... some increase some decrease |
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Definition
| prostaglandin during the luteal phase of hte menstrual cycle when estrogen and progesterone levels decline. |
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Term
| to estlabish the patinet has premenstural syndrome they need to have consistent sx occurring ___ Days before menses for how many cycles |
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Definition
| similar sx 5x days before menses for 3 x CONSECUTIVE CYCLES |
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Term
| 3x causes of abnormal uterine bleeding |
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Definition
1. endometrial cancer
2. hormone replacement therapy
3. uterine or cervical polyps |
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Term
| what is postcoital bleeding in women |
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Definition
| spotting or bleeding that occurs after intercourse and not related to menstruation |
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Term
| whats the difference between menorrhagia and metorrhagia |
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Definition
menorrhagia = excessive bleeding
metorrhagia = T = inTer - menstural bleeding |
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Term
| chronic pelvic pain lasts more than __ months and accounts for ___ % of hysterectomies |
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Definition
| chronic pelvic pain lasts more than 6 months and accounts for 20% of hysterectomies |
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Term
| when you palpate the cervix what sx would indicate pelvic inflammatory disease |
|
Definition
1. pain on movement of the cervix
Along with
2. adenxal tenderness
=pelvic inflammatory disease |
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Term
| which vaginitis is reddened with white patches |
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Definition
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Term
| clue cells found on saline wet mounts indicates a vaginitis of what etiology |
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Definition
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Term
| if the cervix has cauliflower like growth this indicates |
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Definition
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|
Term
Adnexal masses:
1. I am usually not tender, on one or both sides, small and mobile.
2. I am only on one side, palpable, very tender, causes N/V
3. I am very tender, both sides, |
|
Definition
Adnexal masses:
1. I am usually not tender, on one or both sides, small and mobile. = ovarian cyst
2. I am only on one side, palpable, very tender, causes N/V = Tubal Pregnancy
3. I am very tender, both sides = PID |
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Term
| my labia is swollen and I don't want to sit down. What am I most likely |
|
Definition
| bartholin's gland infection |
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Term
| yellow penile discharge is often related to what |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a tight prepuce that once retracted will not return is called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| induration along the ventral surface suggests? What side is the ventral surface |
|
Definition
ventral surface = underside
induration suggest urethral stricture |
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Term
| Tender, painful scrotal swelling can be present in: 4x |
|
Definition
1. acute epididymitis
2. acute orchitis
3. torsion of the spermatic cord
4. strangulated inguinal hernia |
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|
Term
| peak incidence age for testicular cancer is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| tortuous veins in the balls suggests |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a hydrocele upon illumination will illuminate red light or block red light |
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Definition
|
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Term
| whats the difference between a strangulated and incarcerated hernia |
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Definition
incarcerated: its jailed, trapped in an area its not suppose to be.
Strangulated: it is asphyxiated from blood supply |
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Term
| scrotal edema may be seen in patients with who have what chronic diseases |
|
Definition
1. HF
2. Nephrotic syndrome |
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Term
| what's the difference in assessment of a acute orchitis or tumor of the testes |
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Definition
| tumor of the testes is painless and inflammation of the balls (acute orchitis) is painful, swollen and reddened. |
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Term
| the balls feel like a bag of worm, more common on the left..this is called |
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Definition
| varicocele of the spermatic cord |
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|
Term
| torsion of the spermatic cord is most common in what age group? Do the balled retract upward or downward |
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Definition
| Retraction upward. Most common in adolescents. Surgical emergency. |
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Term
| involuntary movement contributed to by what structure in the brain |
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Definition
|
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Term
| worst headache of your life is usually what kind of bleed |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| give an example of resting tremors |
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Definition
| pill rolling that is seen in Parkinson syndrome |
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Term
| loss of smell is normal in what populations |
|
Definition
1. trauma
2. smokers
3. aging
4. cocaine users
5. parkinson's disease |
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Term
| A peripheral injury to CN VII (Facial nerve) will result in deficit to what parts of the face |
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Definition
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Term
| You are assessing muscle strength in your patient and notice the patient is only able to move the body part when gravity is eliminated.. what grade is this |
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Definition
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Term
| what is stepagge gait? associated with what pathology |
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Definition
a form of gait abnormality characterized by loss of dorsiflex which results in body/person having to compensate by raising the knee higher than normal to prevent you from stubbing your toe and also has two sounds from heel hitting ground then front foot
Associated with cerebellar ataxia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6qVXYv0U7U |
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Term
| clonus if seen during reflex testing will give that reflex what grade for scaling |
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Definition
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|
Term
| hypothyroidism causes hyper or hyporeflexia? where can you best test or evaluate this effect? |
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Definition
| HYPOthyroidism DELAYS deep tendon reflexes. More specifically it slows the relaxation phase of the reflexes. Best to test at the ankle reflex. |
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Term
| a positive babinski response indicates a lesion where? What does the big toe do? |
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Definition
| Big toe will dorsiflex = positive babinski reflex which indicates lesion to the corticospinal tract |
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Term
| anal reflex is what roots |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is asterixis? What does it indicate |
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Definition
| Pt has intermittent contractions of hands with arms out and hands up like "stop" indicates metabolic encephalopathy |
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Term
| pronator drift indicates damage to what tract |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of hyperactive reflexes |
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Definition
| 1. lesions along the descending corticospinal tract |
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Term
| The sciatic nerve is part of what plexus? What are two nerves that branch off of it |
|
Definition
From lumbo-sacral plexus (L4,L5,,S1,S2,S3)
Sciatic branches into the
1. tibial Nerve
2. Common peroneal nerve |
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|
Term
| a complication of witholding parkinson meds preop is? |
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Definition
| rigidity so continue the meds until the day of surgery. |
|
|
Term
Name the nerves involves for the following deep tendon reflexes
1. Biceps
2. Brachioradialis
3. Triceps
4. Patellar:
5. Achilles Tendon: |
|
Definition
Name the nerves involves for the following deep tendon reflexes
1. Biceps: C5, C6
2. Brachioradialis: C5 C6
3. Triceps C6 C7
4. Patellar: L2, 3, 4
5. Achilles Tendon: L5, S1 |
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|
Term
| an increase in deep tendon reflexes is most often from disease where |
|
Definition
| upper motor neuron lesions |
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Term
| is grey matter or white matter an aggregation of neuronal cell bodies |
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Definition
|
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Term
| For consciousness need an interaction between the cerebrum and what other part of the brain? |
|
Definition
| Reticular Activating System |
|
|
Term
| what are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve |
|
Definition
1. opthalmic
2. Maxillary
3. Mandibular |
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|
Term
| sensory to the back of the head is provided for by what nerve |
|
Definition
| CERVICAL (Not cranial) Nerve #2 |
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|
Term
| Somatic motor movement travels via what tract |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what is the difference between upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron disease in the corticospinal tract as it relates to:
1. deep tendon reflexes
2. muscle tone |
|
Definition
Upper motor lesion
1. Increase muscle tone
2. Increase DTR
Lower Motor Neuron Disease:
1. Decrease Tone
2. Decrease DTR |
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Term
| Cerebellar damage results in what affects on movement, and muscle tone |
|
Definition
| NO PARALYSIS, DECREASE muscle tone, impaired coordination. |
|
|
Term
| are reflexes below spinal cord injury hyper or hypo active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of sensory is preserved despite spinal cord injury..why |
|
Definition
| crude touch and light touch often preserved since impulses carried contralateral |
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