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| traditions and customs transmitted thru learning which form and guide behaviors, beliefs |
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| the process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group. |
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| process of learning ones own culture. |
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| when you're forced to change your culture. new customs and attitudes are acquired through contact with dominant culture |
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| fieldwork in a particular culture of setting |
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| the study of sociocultural differences and similarities |
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| process by which organisms cope with environmental stressors and forces |
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| What distinguishes anthropology from other fields that study human rights? |
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| Time is studied in the broadest sense. Study of the whole of the human condition. It's inherently comparative |
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| Time of first civilization |
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| linguistic, biological, cultural, archeological |
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| combines artifact and textual data to reconstruct history of groups |
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| humand biological variation over time. |
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| humand biological variation over time. |
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| name aspects of biological |
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human genetics
human growth and development
biological plasticity
evolution,behavior of primates |
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| archeological, other aspects |
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find connections between societies. understand how they survived i.e. hunting
Reconstruct ecological patterns, lifestyle...history |
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| subfield of archaeology..find connections among living things in an environment. Energy flow and ecosystem exchanges |
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| before the invention of writing |
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| would cover evolution via fossil records, human genetics, growth and dev., human plasticity...body's ability to cope with stresses such as heat and cold. and the biology, evolution and behavior and social life of monkeys, apes |
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| physical/biological anthro is linked to other disciplines, such as |
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| biology, zoology, geology, anatomy, medicine |
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| bioanthro also investigates body's relationship w/environment |
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| for ex., people with a genetic tendency to be tall may be shorter if they are poorly nourished during childhood |
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| studies language in its social and cultural context. make inferences abou universal features of language. others reconstruct languages. so |
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| What do sociolinguists do? |
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| investigate relationships between social and linguishtic variation. How linguistic features correlate w/social factors |
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| Anthropology as a science |
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| humanistic science devoted to discovering, describing understanding and explaining similariities and differences in time and space among humans and our ancestors |
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| social relations, organizations and behavior. |
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| cultural learning depends on |
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| interpretation of symbols |
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| plans, recipection...programs for governing human behaviors, rules instructions |
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| cultural systems are used.. |
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| to define their world and behavior |
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| culture originated when... |
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| our ancestors acquires the ability to use symbols |
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| it is an attribute of individuals as member of a group |
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| basic, or central values that integrate a culture |
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| Culture's evolutionary basis |
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hominids-chimps, fossils, humans
hominins- all the human species which have ever existed |
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| unlike chimps which only mate during esterus |
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| humans have lifelong commitments, choose mates from outside natal group, and they do not disperse at adolescence |
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the years
6 million years ago-
2.5-
1.7-
200,000
45,000 |
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-hominin ancestors originated in africa
--make stone tools
-spread from africa to asia
-anatomically modern humans
-modern behavior |
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| something that exists in every culture |
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| distinguish homo sapiens from other species...how humans feel and process info. |
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-long period of infant dependency
-year round sexuality
-language and tools |
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family living
food sharing
incest taboo |
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between universal and unique traits
for ex. speaking english, indpendent invention, nuclear family |
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| -trait or feature of culture which is not widespread i.e. food dishes |
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concepts social relation and structure
individuals make up of constitute the system
they are also contrained by it
they use their culture actively, not blindly |
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| as observed by the anthropologist |
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| what they say they should, and do, do |
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| the actions individuals take |
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| focuses on how individuals manipulate and transform the world they live in |
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| it's wrong to impose outside beliefs on another culture |
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| borrowing of traits between cultures |
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| what we share w/other primates |
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-learn throughout their lives
-ability to benefit from experience
-tool use |
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tend to feed themselves individually
-mating is for life and marriage outside natal group |
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| how people thing, the native pov |
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| objective and comprehensive. emphasizes categories, interpretations and features that the anthropologist considers |
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| problem-oriented ethnography |
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| enter the field with a spec |
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| The long-term study of a community region society or culture...Team research too could help with this |
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| indigenous people exposed to mass media/global phenomenon |
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| single line or path of cultural development...stages which all societies must go thru |
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| recognizes that individuals within a society or culture have diverse motives and intentions and different degrees of power and influence...gener,age,ethnicity,class...how the individual/group interacts with their culture. How they respond to and experience external events. |
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| national monster-truck rallies, apple pie |
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| extend beyond national boundaries..soccer, pizza |
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| idea that to know another culture requires full understanding of its members and beliefs.It's innapropriate to use outside standards to judge behavior |
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| invokes a realm of justice and morality beyond and superiror to particular countries,cultures and religions. They are seen as inablienable. not to be murdered, injured, enslaved, imprisoned w/out charge. To speak freely |
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| rights vested inreligious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies...the right of a group to raise its children in a way it gorebears. to continue its language and economic base |
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| mechanisms of cultural change |
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| diffusion, acculturation, independent invention |
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borrowing of cultural traits..its either direct-when two cultures trade or marry
forced-colonialism, subjugation...or indirect--from group A to C thru an indirect source |
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| excahnge of cultural features that results when groups have continuous firsthand contact. so, parts of the cultures change but each group remains distinct...food, clothing, technology |
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| proceshich human innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems...agriculture, and then agr. leads to social and political change |
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