Term
| Detrital, chemical, and organic |
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Definition
| The three categories of sedimentary rock |
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Term
| Sedimentary rocks derived from both chemical and mechanical weathering. |
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Definition
| Detrital Sedimentary Rock |
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Term
| soluble material produced by chemical weathering, are precipitated by either inorganic or biologic processes |
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Definition
| Chemical sedimentary rocks |
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Term
| Sedimentary rock that consists of plant and animal material compacted. |
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Definition
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Term
| Main constituents of detrital rock |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would mica and feldspar be found in sedimentary rock? |
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Definition
| erosion and deposition was fast enough that it preserved some of the primary minerals from the source rock. |
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Term
| Sedimentary rock that consists of silt and clay size particles, account for half of sedimentary rocks, tiny grains indicate that the resulted from gradual setteling from calm sources like swamp, lake, floodplains, or deep ocean basin |
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Definition
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Term
| Thin layers of silt and shale |
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Definition
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Term
| property of shale that seperates it from other fine grained sedimentary rocks like like mudstone or siltstone: the ability to split into thin lyers along well developed, closely spaced planes |
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Definition
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Term
| accounts for about 20% of sedimentary rocks, consists of sand sized sediments, form in a variety of environments |
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Definition
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Term
| The degree of similarity in particle size in sedimentary rock |
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Definition
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Term
| Consists of sphericity and angularity |
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Definition
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Term
| The minerals that sandstone is made of |
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Definition
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Term
| Three ways to derive the way sandstone was formed |
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Definition
| Sorting, particle shpae, composition |
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Term
| Sandstone that contains more than 25% of feldspar |
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Definition
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Term
| Along with quartz and feldspar this dark-colored rock contains abundant rock fragments and matrix |
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Definition
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Term
| refers to the silt and clay size particles found in spaces between larger sand grains |
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Definition
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Term
| Poorly sorted, sedimentary rock that consists of gravels. Rounded |
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Definition
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Term
| gravels that are angular rather than rounded |
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Definition
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Term
| life processes of water-dwelling organisms that form chemical sediments |
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Definition
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Term
| about 10% of sedimentary rocks, the most abundant chemically formed, chiefly composed of calcite, and formed from inorganic or biochemical processes |
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Definition
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Term
| closely related to limestone, instead of calicite it contains calcium-magnesium carbonate |
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Definition
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Term
| compact hard rocks made of microcrystalline quartz, one well known forms are flint and jasper |
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Definition
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Term
| gypsim and halite (rock salt) are deposited through this process |
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Definition
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Term
| Deposits that remain after water enters the atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| The most abundant organic sedimentary rock |
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Definition
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Term
| the collective term for all of the chemical, physical, and biological changes that take place after sediments are deposited and during and after lithification |
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Definition
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Term
| the process by which sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
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Term
| the most common physical diagenetic change, as sediment accumulates, the weight of overlying material compresses the deeper sediments |
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Definition
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Term
| the most important process by which sediments are converted to sedimentary rock, a diagenetic change that involves the crystallization of minerals among individual sediment grains. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| calcite, silica, and iron oxide |
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Term
| Sed. Rocks that consist of discrete fragments and particles that are cemented and compacted together have this texture. Includes all detrital rocks |
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Definition
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Term
| sed. rocks that consist of minerals forming a pattern of interlocking crystalline structure |
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Definition
| nonelastic or crystalline texture |
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Term
| the nature of the place where the grains in a sed rock eventually came to rest |
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Definition
| environment of deposition |
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Definition
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Term
| flat surfaces between beds along which sed. rocks tend to break |
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Definition
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Term
| when beds of sed rock are inclined to the horizontal |
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Definition
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Term
| the rock from which a metamorphic rock was formed |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two ways that heat metamorphs rocks |
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Definition
1. Promotes recrystalization of individual mineral grains, fine particles tend to oalesce into larger grains of the same mineralogy
2. May rise the temperature of a rock to the point where one or more, of the minerals are no longer chemically stable. Consituent ions arrange themselves into crystalline structures that are more stable in the new high-energy environment. |
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Term
| refers to the increasing temperature with depth of the earths interior |
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Definition
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Term
| When surface rocks are changed by magma |
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Definition
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Term
| increased pressure from depth causes spaces between mineral grains close |
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Definition
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Term
| rocks subjected to direct pressure, usually at convergent plate boundaries |
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Definition
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Term
| The change in composition caused by interaction with fluids |
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Definition
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Term
| term used to describe the size, shape, and arrangement of grains within a rock |
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Definition
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Term
| any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within a rock |
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Definition
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Term
| Three ways that foliation can occur |
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Definition
1. Rotation of platy and /or elongated mineral grains into a new orientation
2. recrystalization of minerals to form new grains growing in the direction of preferred orientation
3. Changing the shape of equidimensional grains into elongated shapes that are aligned in a preferred orientation |
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Term
| closely spaced planar surfaces along which rocks split into thin tabular slabs when hit with a hammer |
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Definition
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Term
| slates display this form of excellent splitting |
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Definition
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Term
| when under high temperature and pressure mica and chlorite grains in slate grow to a point they can be discernible with the naked eye and exhibit a planar sturcture |
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Definition
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Term
| during high grade metamorphism ion migrations result in the segragaion of minerals, giving the rock a banded appearance. |
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Definition
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Term
| meta rocks that do not exhibit a foliated texture |
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Definition
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Term
| a common meta texture that consists of particularly large grains |
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Definition
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Term
| marble is foliated or non foliated |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Slate, Phyllite, schist, gneiss, migmatite (in order of metamorphism and foliation |
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Term
| two most common non-foliated rocks |
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Definition
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Term
| hot ion rich fluids circulate through fissures and cracks that develop in rock, the alteration that occurs is called |
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Definition
| hydrothermal metamorphism |
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Term
| very thick accumulations of sedimentary strata in a subsiding basin causes low grade metamorphic conditions for the deepest layers |
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Definition
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Term
| rocks and sediments carried to great depths along convergent boundries, differential stresses play a major role in deforming rock as it is metamorphosed |
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Definition
| subduction zone metamorphism |
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Term
| The way most metamorphic rocks are produced, dynamic events where large segments of Earth's crust are intensely deformed along convergent plate boundaries |
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Definition
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Term
| coccurs when high speed projectiles such as meteorites strike the earths surface |
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Definition
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Term
| rocks with chlorite (usually slate) have what grade of metamorphism |
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Definition
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Term
| rocks with sillimanite are considered what grade of metamorphism |
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Definition
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Term
| rocks that form from the highest grade of metamorphism |
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Definition
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Term
| Idea theorized by Alfred Wegener that the continents were moving |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| three theories that were made to explain plant and animal similarities on different continents |
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Definition
| island stepping stones, land bridges, and rafting |
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Term
| upermost part of the mantle , a strong rigid layer |
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Definition
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Term
| parts of the mantle that move |
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Definition
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Term
| weak region of the mantle directly below the lithosphere, nearly melted rock that allows the lithosphere to move |
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Definition
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Term
| where two plates move apart resulting in upwelling of material from the mantle to create new seafloor |
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Definition
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Term
| where two plates move together resulting in oceanic lithosphere dexcending beneath an overriding plate, could create mountains |
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Definition
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Term
| where two plates grind past each other without the production or destruction of lithosphere |
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Definition
| transform fault boundries |
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Term
| most divergent boundaries are located where |
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Definition
| along the crests fo oceanic ridges |
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Term
| the mechanism that operates along the oceanic ridge system to create new seafloor |
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Definition
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Term
| when divergent plate boundaries develop within a continent, forming two or more smaller segments |
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Definition
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Term
| convergent plate margins occur when two plates move towards each other and one is bent downward, allowing it to slide beneath the other causes |
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Definition
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Term
| convergent boundries are also called______ because they are sites where lithosphere is descending into the mantle |
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Definition
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Term
| mountains that are caused in part because associated with the subduction of oceanic lithosphere |
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Definition
| continental volcanic arcs |
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Term
| Prominent linear breaks in the oceanic crust are known as |
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Definition
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Term
| discovered in 1965 by Tuzo Wilson, plates that slide past each other without production or destruction of lithosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| This is located under Hawaii |
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Definition
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Term
| the surface manifestation of mantle plumes |
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Definition
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Term
| the point at which magnetic material lose their magnatism |
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Definition
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Term
| rocks that formed thousands or millions of years ago and hold a record of the direction of the magnetic poles |
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Definition
| fossil magnetism, or paleomagnetism |
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