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| made of basaltic rocks, thinner than continental crust, is constantly being created |
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| forms major landmasses, granitic composition |
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| Consists of crust and upper part of mantle above the asthenosphere |
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| Mohorivicic Discontinuity |
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| boundary between crust and mantle |
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| upper part of mantle, may have some crust material |
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| Soft space in upper mantle below the lithosphere |
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| particular color, luster, hardness, tendancy to fracture, specific gravity, taste |
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| rock that is covered by loose surface material (R Horizon) |
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| formed from cooling and recrystallization of magma |
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| formed from accumilation, compaction, or chemical precipitates |
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| Formed from heat and pressure |
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| type of igneous rock, formed from solidified lava on earth's surface |
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| type of igneous rock, formed from solidified magma within earth's surface |
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| type of intrusive igneous rock, solidified deep within earth's surface |
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| type of sedimentary rock formed from the remains of organisms |
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| type of sedimentary rock formed by minerals that become saturated and precipitate out |
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| distinct layers of sediment, each strata represent a record of the past |
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| boundaries in the sediment layers |
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| different types of sediment, erosion moves older sediments |
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| layers accumulate at an angle to the main strata |
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| fuses rock to a point of deformation |
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| slate dark in color, will break into thin flat layers |
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| Schist, drawn out into scales by heat and pressure, will break into flakes and scales |
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| Gneiss, formed in ancient seabeds, hard to break |
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| upper part of the supercontinent Pangea |
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| Lower part of supercontinent Pangea |
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| Proposed the idea of Continental Drift and Pangea |
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| creation of new ocean crust by destruction of old ocean crust |
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| where new crust comes from, many different locations |
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| linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are running away from each other, form rift valleys and mid-oceanic ridges |
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| a location on the Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanism for a long period of time, example is Hawaiian islands |
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| organism that can produce its own food using energy from photosynthesis or inorganic chemical reactions |
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| organism that cannot produce its own energy and must feed on other organisms |
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| type of succession that occurs on land that was previously barren, for example from lava flow or a retreated glacier |
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| a type of succession that occurs on land that was previously habitated by life, for example an abandoned field or land after a forest fire or flood |
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| density of population which can be supported by the natural resources, when an organism flourishes |
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| transition area between two adjacent but different plant communities |
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| what an organism needs to survive |
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| areas with trees, makes up 1/3 of Earth's landmass |
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| initial form in plant succession, vegetation dominated by grass |
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| areas that are too severe form plants that need a lot of water, organisms must store water, 1/5 of earth's landmass, very little rainfall |
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| frozen priaries, coldest plains of far north, tundra = treeless land |
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| microscopic plants/animals, phyto = plant, zoo = animal |
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| animals that swim in water |
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| animals that live on the ocean floor |
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| shrimp-like power food of the antarctic |
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| degraded organic material in soil, which causes some soil layers to be dark brown or black, less organic matter causes lighter soil colors |
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| a measure of the void spaces in a material, amount of space for water storage in soil |
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| ease that water will move through soil |
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| organic top layer of soil that contains decomposing organisms |
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| topsoil layer below O Horizon, contains some decomposing matter and much biological activity |
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| "eluviated" layer below A Horizon, has been significantly leached of its mineral and/or organic content, leaving a pale layer largely composed of silicates |
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| collection of materials removed from A and E Horizons by leaching |
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| transition zone from B Horizon to C Horizon |
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| area of soil development below B Horizon |
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| lowermost soil horizon, made of bedrock or parent material |
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| young soils, lack horizons |
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| young soil, although older than entisols, has some development of A and B Horizons |
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| very poorly drained soils due to high organic content |
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| develop on volcanic parent material |
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| exhibit frequent freezing and thawing above permifrost |
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| soils present in desert regions |
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| occur where there is a strong seasonality of precipitation, have a high content of expansive clay |
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| soils present in grasslands, are good for agriculture |
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| whitish or gray soil covered with thick black horizon, poor for agriculture |
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| soils found in moist or wet regions |
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| soils found in areas of high temperatures and heavy rainfall |
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| soil forming process that occurs in humid tropical and subtropical climates as a result of high temperatures and abundant precipitation |
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| soil forming process that occurs in high middle latitudes that have a moist climate, short cool summers and long sever winters |
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| soil forming process that occurs in warm, semi-arid environments, usually under grassland vegetation |
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| soil-forming process that occurs in poor drainage areas like streams, valleys, and low-lying areas |
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| soil-forming proccess that occurs in poorly drained areas under cold and wet environments |
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| Based on the physical characteristics such as observed features like temperature and precipitation |
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| Based on causes of climate such as air mass, pressure systems |
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| The Greek philosopher who classified climates into three zones |
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| The hot uninhabitable area is from the Tropic of Cancer to Tropic of Capricorn |
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| The Habitable area from the Tropic of Cancer to the Artic Circle and from the Tropic of Capricorn to the Antarctic Circle |
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| The Cold Uninhabitable area is from the Artic Circle to the North Pole and from the Artic Circle to the South Pole |
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| How many different zones does the Simplified Koppen System break the Earth into? |
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| According to the simplified Koppen System, areas near the Equator where the noon sun is never far from 90 Degrees are called what? |
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| According to the simplified Koppen System, areas exhibiting year round moisture deficiency and will have seasonality of precipitation are what type of climate? |
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| According to the Simplified Koppen System, areas where most trees keep their leaves all year round because there is always water available in a liquid are what type of climate? |
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| According to the Simplified Koppen System, areas where trees defoliate because the ground gets too cold or frozen is what type of climate? |
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| According to the Simplified Koppen System, areas where trees cannot survive, the land is an ice sheet, and there is no month average temperature over zero degrees Celcius are known as what type of climate? |
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| According to the Simplified Koppen System, areas around mountains are known as what? |
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| When the Earth changes its orbit every 100,000 years from and ellipse to a circular orbit |
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| This happens every 21000 years changing the max and minimum distance from the sun |
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| When the Earth changes it’s tilt from 24 ½ degrees to a minimum of 22 degrees then back to 23 ½ degrees, this happens every 41000 years |
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| There is more ________ during interglacial periods less in major glacial advances (ice ages). |
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| Carbon Dioxide in glaciers |
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| One ton of this will do 25x the impact of carbon dioxide |
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| Formation of lands, Sea water lowering to create more land, removal of land to make water ways will do what? |
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| This area is between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn? |
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| This is the Earth’s most complex biome in terms of both structure and species. |
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| A sudden heavy down poor of rain is a.. |
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| This land mass has dry summers, mild moist winter with a seasonality of precipitation and abundant sunshine? |
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| This land mass has Mild winter, hot summer but there is no dry season. However there are monsoon and hurricanes increase summer precipitation? |
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| Humid Subtropical CLimate |
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| This land mass has Mild cool summers and is one of the foggiest, cloudiest, rainiest and stormiest climates |
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| Marine West Coast Climate |
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