Term
| What is the start codon for prokaryotic mRNA translation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the site on DNA at which RNA ploymerase binds to initiate transcription |
|
|
Term
| Which end of prokaryotic mRNA are protected from degradation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Restriction enzymes are useful for genetic recominant work for all reasons except... |
|
Definition
They are all reasons they are useful...
They CAN cut DNA in the middle of specific sequences
They can cut DNA independent of the source of DNA
They can generate single stranded tails "sticky ends"
There are a large variety of them commercially available |
|
|
Term
| Protein that makes proteins for degradation is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The appropriate order for the steps of protein synthesis are: |
|
Definition
1) Binding of mRNA by the small subunit followed by association of a particular aminoacyl-tRNA that recognizes the first codon
2) The large ribosomal subunit joins the initiation complex, preparing for the elongation stage
3) The P site is occupied by peptidyl-tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
4) The elongation reaction transfers the peptide chain from the peptidyl-tRNA in the P site to the aminoacyl-tRNA in the A site
5) The new, longer peptidyl-tRNA moves from the A site into the P site as the ribosome moves one codon further along the mRNA |
|
|
Term
| The Shine-Dalgarno sequence found in prokaryotic systems resides on the ___ end of ___ and is the ___ site. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In DNA sequencing, fragments to be analyzed are produced by... |
|
Definition
| selective interruption of DNA synthesis using ddNTPS |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a structural motif encountered in DNA-binding proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following nucleobases is a purine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the important ways that eukaryotic DNA differs from prokaryotic DNA is |
|
Definition
| Eukaryotic DNA is complexed to proteins as prokaryotic is not |
|
|
Term
| Repair of DNA is usually carried out by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein synthesis in prokaryotes always starts for with... |
|
Definition
| Formylmethionine residue (f-Met) |
|
|
Term
| The DNA ____ strand has the same nucleotide sequenced and direction as the RNA transcript with the ____ end of mRNA encoding the N-terminus of the protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which statement is/are true reguarding ribosomes? |
|
Definition
They are found in the cytosol of all cells
Prokaryotic ribosomes consist of a 30S and a 50S subunit
Ribosomes consist both of protein and rRNA
The catalytic center of the large subunit is a peptidyl transferase
ALL OF THE ABOVE!!!!
|
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the best description of an operon?
|
|
Definition
| A group of genes under the control of a common promoter. |
|
|
Term
| Protein biosynthesis in cells utilizes energy driving the assembly process provided by ___ hydrolysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The molecule that interacts specifically with both nucleic acids and amino acids is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following activities of DNA Polymerase I is most important to the role of proofreading? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each of the following statements is true regarding ways in eukaryotic protein synthesis differes from prokaryotic protein synthesis except........ |
|
Definition
Prokayotic protein synthesis is initiated by f-Met while eukaryotic is initiated by Met
-Prokaryotes use a 30S small ribosomal subunit while eukaryotes use a 40S small ribosomal subunit
-prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation initiation differs slightly in mechanism and processes
-Prokaryotic termination requires 3 release factors while eukaryotic requires 1
ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE TRUE |
|
|
Term
Forensic uses of DNA to identify victims or criminals exploit the following trait in DNA:
|
|
Definition
| Differences in sizes of DNA restriction fragments (RFLPs) |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) include all except the following... |
|
Definition
-The reaction is specific for certain sequeces in the DNA
-Only small amounts of template are needed
-Results can be obtained with DNA that is old or partially degraded
-All the products from a specific part of DNA will be the same size
-ALL OF THESE ARE ADVANTAGES OF PCR |
|
|
Term
| Migration of DNA during electrophoresis is based |
|
Definition
| Mostly on the size of the molecule, since the ratio of charge to mass is approximately the same, no matter how large the DNA is |
|
|
Term
| Semiconservative replication implies that |
|
Definition
| Each strand of new double stranded DNA molecules contains one of the original intact strands and one completely new strand |
|
|
Term
| At what position on tRNA is the wobble base of the triplet anticodon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The subunit in the E. coli RNA polymerase which is required for recognition of the promoter sequence is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The strands in the double helix... |
|
Definition
have their 3'-5' directions opposed
they are antiparallel |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic chromesomes are typically ____, while eukaryotic chromesomes are ____. |
|
Definition
-cricular
-linear, richly protein-associated |
|
|
Term
| Which peice of DNA will have a higher Tm, one with cytosine plus guanine content of 30%, or one with a cytosine plus guanine content of 50% if both are heated under the same exprimental conditions |
|
Definition
| 50% will have a higher Tm |
|
|
Term
| Chain termination (transcription) occurs in vivo when... |
|
Definition
| either a hairpin loop forms or rho (ρ) is involved. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a stop codon is reached by a ribosome (in the A site) |
|
Definition
a termination protein binds to the codon and it is used to release the growing peptide from the P site tRNA.
the ribosome is then likely to dissocitate |
|
|
Term
| The following enzyme is responsible for the bulk of DNA synthesis during replication (prokaryotic) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ends of eukaryotic DNA are protected from degredation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primer for in vivo DNA replication is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following groups are not contained in nucelosides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In recombinant DNA technology |
|
Definition
-foreign DNA is frequently inserted into a bacterial plamid
-vectors are used as carriers for recombinant genes
-it is impossible to insert eukaryotic genes into prokaryotic DNA
-ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT |
|
|
Term
| How do origins of replication differ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
| eukaryotes have several origins while prokaryotes typically have one. |
|
|
Term
| An aminoacyl-tRNA is bound to the ribosome |
|
Definition
| at the A site on the 50S subunit |
|
|
Term
| A transcription factor is |
|
Definition
| A protein other than RNA polymerase that is involved in transription |
|
|
Term
| The backbone of nucleic acids consists of |
|
Definition
| a phosphodiester bond between the 3' and 5' hydroxyl groups of neighboring sugars |
|
|
Term
| E. coli replication on the lagging strand |
|
Definition
| is initially synthesised as Okazaki fragments |
|
|
Term
| The direction of DNA synthesis is |
|
Definition
| from the 5' to 3' end on both strands |
|
|
Term
| The initial step in the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA is |
|
Definition
| activation of the amino acid by reaction with ATP |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following terms does not describe the DNA strand used to direct RNA synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually contains all the enzymes which are specific for synthesis of a special biomolecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small circular DNA that is not part of a bacterial chromesome |
|
|
Term
| Which inhibitor of protein synthesis competes with aminoacyl-tRNAs for binding to the A-site of the ribosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Linear eukaryotic DNA molecules |
|
Definition
| have many origins of synthesis while circular prokaryotic DNA usually have only one. |
|
|
Term
| The majority of protein synthesis occurs in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All are stages in transcription except |
|
Definition
| DNase I activity on the RNA polymerase/DNA complex |
|
|
Term
| All are components required for peptide chain initiation except |
|
Definition
-mRNA
-30S and 50S ribosomal subunits
-initiation factors
-GTP and f-Met-tRNA
-ALL ARE REQUIRED |
|
|
Term
| The mRNA must contain the following to allow for initiation of protein synthesis in E. coli |
|
Definition
| a Shine-Delgarno Sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are enhancers of transcription activated by metabolic factors |
|
|
Term
| The DNA double helix is stabilized by |
|
Definition
| both hydrogen bonds between bases(base-pairing) and hydrophobic and van der waals between stacked bases |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is/are true about restriction endonucleases? |
|
Definition
-they typically recognize and cleave specific DNA base sequences (palindromic)
-their natural function in bacteria is to cleave foreing DNA
-they can cleave large peices of DNA into smaller fragments
-ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE TRUE |
|
|
Term
| The typical composition of a ribosome is about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The replication of DNA to form daugther strands is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 3'-5' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I bestows ____ capabilities to the enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ethidium bromide and acridine orange are two types of biochemicals called ____ that can cause genetic mutations by their interactions with DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In eukaryotic ribosomes, the subunit particle sizes are ____, and combine to make a particle of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term degeneracy refers to |
|
Definition
| the use of more than one codon to define certain amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what are the energy needs for protein synthesis |
|
Definition
| four phosphoanhydride bonds cleaved per amino acid residue |
|
|
Term
| in eukaryotic cells, proteins targeted for destruction are first marked by ____, and then degraded into organelles called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which DNA polymerase is most responsible for elongation in E. coli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase requires _____ for synthesis of DNA to occur. |
|
Definition
-DNA template
-RNA primer
-Free 3'-OH end of the DNA strand
-ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE NECESSARY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Have products that are maintained at constant levels
-are genes expressed by all cells
-are transcribed continously
-ALL OF THE ABOVE |
|
|
Term
| It is easier to melt DNA richer in A-T than G-C base pairs because |
|
Definition
| there is one less hydrogen bond |
|
|
Term
| Why does E. coli need both DNA Pol I and DNA Pol III |
|
Definition
| DNA Pol III lacks the 3'-5' enxonuclease activity needed to remove RNA primers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of related genes whose transcription is controlled by a singular promoter |
|
|
Term
| Sequences that are removed from the primary mRNA transcript in eukaryotes are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Puromycin is an antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis because |
|
Definition
| it looks like aminoacyl-tRNA and binds to the A site |
|
|
Term
| general steps in the generation of a recombinant DNA molecule in the lab includes: |
|
Definition
-ligation of DNA segmnets
-cleavage of DNA into small fragments
-insertion of DNA fragments into a vector
-ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE INCLUDED |
|
|
Term
| _____ are small, circular double stranded DNA molecules used as vectors for cloning DNA fragments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The general steps in DNA repair include |
|
Definition
| endonuclease cleavage, exonuclease removal of the mononucleotide, polymerase filling of the gap and ligase action to close the gap |
|
|
Term
| which type of RNA is most abundant in living cells (by percent) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of incubating a mixture of RNA and DNA with 0.1 M NaOH? |
|
Definition
| RNA is hydrolyzed to nucleoside monophosphates |
|
|
Term
| The RNA primer at the begining of each Okazaki fragment is removed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The template strand of DNA is copied by the RNA ploymerase from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sequence of CCA usually occurs |
|
Definition
| at the 3'-end of the tRNA in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
| at the end of the initiation step the ribosome has a vacant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements about DNA replication is untrue? |
|
Definition
| DNA ligase catalyzes bond formation between each arriving nucleotide |
|
|
Term
| The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)is a(n) |
|
Definition
| series of reiterative DNA synthesis steps using olignucleotide primers |
|
|
Term
| List 4 functional characteristics of the genetic code |
|
Definition
code is a triplet code=3 nucleotides on mRNA which code for a specific AA
-code is nonoverlapping= set of 3 adjacent bases marks a codon
-code uses no punctuation (no invervening bases=comas/interruptions)
-code is degenerate=a singe amino acid may have multiple codons
-code is universal=many of the same codons used in all living organisms |
|
|
Term
| Breifly list 3 major post-transcriptional modifications that eukaryotic mRNA udergoes before full functional operation. |
|
Definition
Addition of N-methylGuanosine (G) Cap to 5' end of mRNA
-Addition of Poly-A tail to 3' end
Removal of noncoding sequences(introns) and rejoining of exons
-Methylation of selected ribose sugars |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the structure/composition of prokaryotic promoter |
|
Definition
Rich in AT, conserved sequence on DNA which provide direction for RNA Pol during transcription.
-key components of core promoter include 1)transcription start site (+1 TSS) 2)-10 region (prinbow box) 3) the -35 region/element.
-Extended promoter will also include an upstream (UP element) -40 to -60 bases upstream |
|
|
