Term
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Definition
| double walled, fluid filled, visceral pleura is closest to lung, parietal pleura is closest to thoracic wall |
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Term
| Describe trachea and larger bronchi |
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Definition
| rigid, nonmuscular tube. C-shaped cartilage to prevent collapse |
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Term
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Definition
| thin-walled inflatable sacs, consisting of a single layer of Type 1 alveolar cells |
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Term
| what are alveoli surrounded by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Out of the three important pressures in ventilation, which is always the lowest? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| collection of air in the pleural cavity-puts pressure on the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of blood in the pleural cavity-puts pressure on mediastinum/trachea/heart ventricles |
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Term
| name pressure conditions for air to enter the lungs |
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Definition
| intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmostpheric pressure |
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Term
| percentage of body's energy used to inspire? |
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Definition
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Term
| major muscles of inspiration |
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Definition
| diaphragm (phrenic nerve) and external intercostal muscles (intercostal nerve) |
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Term
| when the diaphragm contracts, what happens to it, lungs, and pressure? |
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Definition
| diaphragm lowers, thoracic cavity expands, lungs expand which causes the pressure to decrease below atmostpheric pressure and air enters lung |
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Term
| Pulmonary fibrosis ______ compliance |
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Definition
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Term
| Effect on bronchioles of parasympathetic stimulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| effects on bronchioles of sympathetic stimulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| If there are high levels of CO2, what happens to bronchioles? |
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Definition
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Term
| if there are low levels of CO2, what happens to bronchioles? |
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Definition
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Term
| epinephrine's effects on bronchioles? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to the volume of the chest cavity during expiration |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to the inrapleural pressure during expiration? |
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Definition
| increases (muscles are relaxation -coming in -so puts pressure on the cavity) |
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Term
| what happens to intra-alveolar pressure during expiration |
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Definition
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Term
| when intra-alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, what happens? |
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Definition
| air is forced out = expiration |
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Term
| what are the expiratory muscles? |
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Definition
| diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles |
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Term
| what is forced expiration? |
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Definition
| contraction of expiratory muscles (diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles) |
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Term
| What 2 factors does elastic recoil depend on? |
|
Definition
elastic CT in lungs
Alveolar surface tension |
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Term
| what causes alveolar surface tension? |
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Definition
| a thin liquid film lines each alveolus |
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Term
| what are the effects of alveolar surface tension? |
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Definition
| reduces tendency for alveoli to expand (minimizes size) |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of elastic tissue (esp alveoli) alveoli walls collapse--barrel chest |
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Term
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Definition
| difficult expiring>>forced expiration>>airways collapse>>air trapped in lungs>>barrel chest |
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Term
| During quiet normal breathing (expiration), describe intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures |
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Definition
Intrapleural: lower than intra-alveolar
Intra-alveolar: slightly higher than atmosphereic and higher than intra-pleural |
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Term
| During expiration, describe pressure during exercise |
|
Definition
intrapleural: elevated
intra-alveolar: elevated and slightly above intra-pleural |
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|
Term
| During expiration, describe pressures during maximal forced expiration: |
|
Definition
intrapleural: very elevated
intra-alveolar:very elevated-slightly higher than intrapleural
**narrow airways |
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|
Term
| during expiration, describe pressures in patients with obstructive lung disease |
|
Definition
intrapleural: very elevated
intra-alveolar: elevated (higher than intrapleural)--looks the same as if were doing exercise |
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|
Term
| What is Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome? |
|
Definition
insufficiency of surfactant production>>>collapse of alveoli
low compliance>>>have trouble inflating their lungs |
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|
Term
| what percentage of lung is filled w air during normal breathing? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when elastic coil is decreased (emphysema) what happens |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| graph that records inspiration and expiration |
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Term
| What is inspiratory reserve volume? |
|
Definition
| extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over the typical tidal volume (3000 mL) |
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|
Term
| what is expiratory reserve volume? |
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Definition
| volume of air that can be maximally expired after normal tidal volume has been expired (1000 mL) |
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Term
|
Definition
| minimum volume of air leftover after a maximal expiration (1200 mL) |
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|
Term
| what is functional residual capacity? |
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Definition
volume of air in lungs after normal passive expiration (2200 mL)
the residual volume + expiratory reserve volume |
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Term
|
Definition
| MaX Volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximum inspiration (take tidal volume add to it the IRV then add to that the ERV) |
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Term
|
Definition
max volume of air the lungs can hold
(vital capacity plus the residual volume) |
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Term
|
Definition
| forced expiratory volume in first second in a Vital Capacity determination |
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|
Term
| what's the normal volume of air in the lungs after inspiration? after expiration? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the value of the total lung capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the value of residual volume (minimum amount of air in lungs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does COPD do to Functional Residual capacity? |
|
Definition
| increases it (air is left over after you expire bc the airways collapse and ther is air sitll left in alveoli) |
|
|
Term
| what does COPD do to residual volume? |
|
Definition
| increases it (can't exhale fully bc air is trapped from collapsed airways) |
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|
Term
| What does COPD do to vital capacity? |
|
Definition
| decreases it (can't exhale enough) |
|
|
Term
| what does COPD do to FEV1? |
|
Definition
| significantly reduces it because there's more resistance and air can't be exhaled as much |
|
|
Term
| What does restrictive/less compliant lung do to total lung capacity? |
|
Definition
| decreases (can't inhale as much) |
|
|
Term
| What does restrictive/less complaint lung do to vital capacity? |
|
Definition
| decreases (can't inhale as much) |
|
|
Term
| what does restrictive/less compliant lung to do FEV1? |
|
Definition
| nothing-you don't have problems exhaling and the rate is the same |
|
|
Term
| what is pulmonary ventilation? |
|
Definition
| air breathed in and out in one minute |
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|
Term
| equation for pulmonary ventilation? |
|
Definition
| tidal volume x respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of impaired bulbar muscles? |
|
Definition
| aspiration of food particles |
|
|
Term
| what is alveolar ventilation? |
|
Definition
| volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute |
|
|
Term
| is alveolar ventilation greater or less than pulmonary ventilation? |
|
Definition
| less than due to anatomic dead space |
|
|
Term
| what is anatomic dead space? |
|
Definition
| volume of air in conducting pathways which is useless for exchange (150 mL) |
|
|
Term
| equation for alveolar ventilation? |
|
Definition
| = (tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate |
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Term
| Similarity and Difference between quiet breathing at rest and deep slow breathing? |
|
Definition
pulmonary ventilation is the same (taking in the same amount of air)
alveolar ventilation is greater in deep breathing bc you are taking more oxygen in at each breath |
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|
Term
| similarity and difference between quiet normal breathing and short shallow breathing? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary ventilation is the same (amount of air taken in is the same) but alveolar ventilation is much higher in normal breathing bc in short rapid breathing, the oxygen does not reach the respiratory bronchioles |
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|
Term
| even though CO2 has a lot smaller partial pressure gradient for gas exchange than O2, why are equal amounts of CO2 and O2 exchanged? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main factor in determining hemoglobin saturation? |
|
Definition
| partial pressure of oxygen |
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|
Term
| in an area of low PO2, where does oxygen go? |
|
Definition
| dissociates form Hb (tissues) |
|
|
Term
| in an area of high PO2, where does O2 go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the production of BPG does what to oxygen? |
|
Definition
| kicks it off of Hb aka moves Oxygen dissociation curve to the right and delivers more oxygen to tissues |
|
|
Term
| what type of CT exists the entire way down the respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| having low oxygen levels at cell level |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| low O2 levels bc of respiratory issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced O2 carrying capacity of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased amount of blood delievered to tissues |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| cells cannot use own oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| having above normal O2 in arteroile blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| having excess CO2 in arteriole blood |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
hyperventilation
-fever
-anxiety |
|
|
Term
| name 2 respiratory control centers in the brain stem |
|
Definition
| pons respiratory centers and medullary respiratory centers |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 centers in the pons respiratory centers? |
|
Definition
| pneumotaxic center and apneustic center |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 centers in the medullary center? |
|
Definition
| dorsal respiratory group and ventral respiratory group |
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|
Term
| which center generates breathing rhythm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which respiratory group is active during normal passive inspiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which respiratory group is active in active inspiration and esp active respiration? |
|
Definition
| ventral respiratory group |
|
|
Term
| what are the pacemaker-like cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which centers regulate magnitude of breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pneumotaxic center do? |
|
Definition
| sends impulses to dorsal regulatory group to turn off inspiratory neurons for smooth breathing |
|
|
Term
| what does the apneustic center do? |
|
Definition
| blocks pneumotaxic center |
|
|
Term
| what does the Hering-Breuer reflex do? |
|
Definition
| prevents over-inflation of lungs (inhibits DRG when lungs stretch) |
|
|
Term
| what value does PO2 have to be at for peripheral receptors to become sensitive? |
|
Definition
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