Term
| when the forces resisting stress are decreased, compliance is___ |
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Definition
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Term
| severe emphysema increases/decreases compliance of lung tissue and increaes/decreases elastance |
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Definition
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Term
| Interstitial fibrosis, pulmonary edema, deficiency of pulmonary surfactant increases/decreases compliance of lung tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the PO2 of dry oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is PO2 on humidification? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is PO2 entering alveoli? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Bohr effect on Hb? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the haldane effect on Hb? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the diaphrag, innervated by |
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Definition
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Term
| why is inspiration an active process, even at rest? |
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Definition
| It involves muscle contractions, which require energy |
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Term
| Expiration is a passive process (muscles are relaxing) What is the driving force? |
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Definition
| The muscles relax, the lungs are elastic which decrease the volume in chest cavity. This increases intrapulmonary pressure, and forces air out. |
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Term
| If there is low ventilation in an area and therefore high levels of CO2, what happens to airways? |
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Definition
| dilate to increase air flow |
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Term
| if there is low ventilation in an area of the lung and there are low levels of oxygen, what happens? |
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Definition
| vasoconstriction of blood vessels to lower the blood flow |
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Term
| if there is low blood flow (perfusion) what are the oxgyen/CO2 levels like? |
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Definition
| high levels of oxygen and low levels of CO2 |
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Term
| if there is low blood flow, what do airways and blood vessels do? |
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Definition
| airways constrict to restrict air flow and blood vessels dilate so there is higher blood flow |
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Term
| how do you calculate the partial pressure of a gas? |
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Definition
| take the concentration of the gas and multiply it by the pressure on the gas |
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Term
| which component of atmospheric air has the highest partial pressure and why? |
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Definition
| nitrogen--largest concentration of air |
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Term
| What happens to nitrogen when breathed in and why? |
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Definition
| it's breathed back out bc it is insolubile in water at pressures and temps associated w human body |
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Term
| what percent of oxygen is dissolved in plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| what percent of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the oxygen when you determine partial pressure? |
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Definition
| physically dissolved in plasma (1.5% total oxgyen) |
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Term
| when oxygenated blood goes by tissue, where does the oxygen that's in the plasma go and why? |
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Definition
from arteriole blood into tissue
partial pressure difference |
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Term
| why does the affinity for oxygen on hemoglobin change? |
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Definition
PO2>>tissue due to partial pressure differences
partial pressure of oxygen in plasma drops
Oxygen leaves Hb and goes into plasma |
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Term
| what is the normal PO2 at pulmonary capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood leaving the lungs: Hb is ___ % saturated |
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Definition
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Term
| At PO2 of 40 mmHg, how much percent of oxygen bound to hemoglobin was delivered to tissue? |
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Definition
| about 25% (because 75% of Hb is sitll saturated) |
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Term
| What is the plateau phase of the Hb Dissociation curve? |
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Definition
at 60mmHg to 100mmHg
when the PO2 of alveoli drops significantly, but the percent of oxygen bound to Hb doesn't drop significantly |
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Term
| if you were looking at a very active tissue, what part of the Hb dissociation curve would you look at? |
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Definition
left side
0mmHg-40mmHg
Hb is becoming unsaturated very quickly |
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Term
| which is more soluble in water/plasma? Oxygen or CO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| what percent of CO2 is dissolved in plasma |
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Definition
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Term
| what percent of CO2 is bound to Hb? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does remaining 60% of CO2 go? |
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Definition
| forms bicarbonate (and reaction also gives of H+) |
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Term
| what happens to the bicarbonate produced from CO2 (in the RBC) |
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Definition
| it diffuses out of the RBC and is exchanged for CL- |
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Term
| What happens to the H+ that was given off in the reaction of CO2 to bicarbonate? |
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Definition
it binds with Hb
--Hb acts as a buffer
and kicks off Oxygen for tissues to use |
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Term
finish the progression...
the more the CO2... |
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Definition
the more the H+ and the more Oxygen is kicked off
called Bohr effect |
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Term
| If there is more CO2 present, more H+ present, and a higher temperature, which way does the Hb-Dissociation curve shift? |
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Definition
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Term
| A shift of the Hb-Dissociation curve of down and to the right does what to Hb-Oxygen saturation? |
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Definition
| enhances oxygen release from Hb |
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Term
| What chemical is the main driving force for controlling respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are peripheral chemoreceptors? |
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Definition
Aortic Arch and Carotid Bodies
secondary chemoreceptors
sensitive to fall in arterial O2 below 60 mmHg |
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Term
| What are central chemoreceptors? |
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Definition
found in the brainstem
main driving force of respiration
sensitive to CO2 |
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Term
| In the brain, if CO2 increases, then H+_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| There are vew buffers in the brain so when there are high levels of CO2_____ |
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Definition
| there are high levels of H+, which change the pH and the central chemoreceptors adjust respiration |
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Term
| What is the main driving force of respiration in a patient with COPD |
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Definition
| Oxygen levels (peripheral chemoreceptors) |
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Term
| Which center in the brain increases ventilation? |
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Definition
| Medullary Respiratory Center |
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