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| fixed point in which a lever is turned about |
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| three lever systemes each have these three components in on of three possible arrangements. arrangement or location of these three points determines the type of lever and for which kind of motion it is best suited. points: axis, muscle insertion, and resistance. |
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| point of force application |
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| location of an external resistance |
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| FAR: axis is placed in between the force and the resistance. designed to produce balanced movements because the axis is midway between the force and the resistance (seesaw) |
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| ARF: designed to produce force movements since a large resistance can be moved by a small force. very little range of motion |
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| RFA: most of levers in the human body are this class. suited to produce a large range of motion but not much force |
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| resistance arm is defined as the distance between the axis and point of resistance application, distance between axis and the point of force application is known as the force arm. inverse relationships. longer the force arm the less force required to move the lever if the resistance and the resistance arm remain constant. if force arm remains constant, a greater resistance may be moved by shortening the resistance arm. |
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| system of leverage in the human body |
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| built for speed and range of motion at the expense of force. short force arms and long resistance arms require great muscular strength to produce movement. |
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| has to be strong to supply the necessary force for the body movements, especially in strenuous sports activities |
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| combination of several joints uniting successive segments |
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| distal segment terminates free in space |
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| distal segment is fixed. the stance phase walking. |
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| ability to repair injured tissue is essential to complex multi cellular organisms. exception of those organs which have the capacity to regenerate completely, such as the liver, formation of scar tissue is the usual process of repair following most types of injuries. made up collagen fibers, tough ropey tissue. much more non-elastic and also tend to shrink over time. may result in decreased range of motion of a joint. |
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| lays down in generalized disorganized arrangement. decreases range of motion of a joint. contains adheasions |
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| defined as bands of scar tissue join two sufaces. connect to regular collagen next to the scar collagen which can cause a decrease in range of motion. tightness in areas. forming fiber have a tendency to reorient along lines of mechanical stress. |
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| travels through a wide range of movements. the scapula cooperates by placing the glenoid fossa in the most favorable position for scapulohumeral rhythm |
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| made up of the sternum, clavicles, and scapulae. movements: abduction, adduction, depression, elevation, upward rotation and downward rotation. |
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| axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton |
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| only bony link between the two is provided by the articulation of the clavicle and the sternum |
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| (l. spade) forms the posterior aspect of the shoulder girdle. large, flat bone, triangular in shape, situated on the posteriolater aspect of the thorax between the second and seventh or sometimes the eight rib, its medial border being about an inch from the spinous processes of the vertebrae |
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| two surfaces for examination of the scapula |
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| three borders for examination of the scapula |
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| lateral, medial, and superior |
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| vertebral or internal border |
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| three angles for examination of the scapula |
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| superior, inferior, and anterior |
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| anterior surface of the scapula |
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| presents a broad concavity, subscapular fossa. inner two-thirds, several oblique ridges, which pass laterally and superior. help stabilize the subscapularis muscle, takes insertion to the anterior aspect of the scapula |
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| of the fossa is smooth and is loosely covered by the fibers of the subscapularis but does not afford the attachement to it |
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| seperated from the lateral border by a smooth triangular margin stretching from the superior angle to the inferior angle. also presents a transverse depression at its superior aspect, where the bone appears to be bent on itself, thus giving greater strength to the summit of the scapula in order to support the spine of the scapula and he acromion process |
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| affords attachment throughout its entire extent to the serratus anterior muscle |
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| posterior surface of the scapula |
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| arched from above downwards and concave and convexed from side to side to side. subdivided unequally into tow parts by the spine. portion superior to the spine is referred to as the supraspinatus fossa and portion inferior to the spine is referred to as the infraspinatus fossa. |
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| have no articulation with the axial skeleton and that they "float" |
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