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Test 4
NA
31
Geography
Undergraduate 1
12/10/2008
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Term
Energy
 Definition
Capacity to do work , to cause change in system , convertible into another form that is useful for work
Term
Potential
 Definition
the capacity of doing work
Term
Kinetic
 Definition
conversion of the capability of motion
Term
Resources
 Definition
Items that can be employed for a useful purpose
Term
Fuel
 Definition
Energy resource that consist of matter that stores energy in usable form
Any material substance that can be consumed to supply heat or power
Term
Electrical Energy
 Definition
Kilowatts per hour
GRU
Term
Heat Energy
 Definition
British Thermal Units
BTU
Term
Sources of energy
 Definition
 Energy directly from the sun: Solar Energy
 Energy directly from Gravity/Tides: France and Italy
 Combines Solar and Gravitational Energy : Wind Mills/Turbines and Water
 Photosynthesis: Chlorophyll in plants uses light to produce sugar as an energy resource
 Chemical Reaction: some inorganic compounds burn to produce light and heat
 Fossil Fuels: oil and coal
 Nuclear Fission: nuclear power plants
 Earth Internal heat: hot water directly or to produce steam and drives turbines – Thermal
Term
World total energy consumption
 Definition
US is responsible for about 20% ( 1/5 )of the worlds energy consumption
Avg of energy usage/consumption from 1990 to 2020 has increase and will keep
Term
Worlds Primary Usage of energy
 Definition
 Petroleum – 35%
 Coal- 25%
 Natural Gas – 21%
 Biomass/Waste – 10%
 Nuclear -6%
 Renewable- 3%
Term
Petroleum & Natural Gas Formation
 Definition
 Tiny plants and animals died and were buried on the ocean. Over time they were cover by layers of silt and sand
 Over millions of years the remains were buried deeper and deeper. The enormous heat and pressure turned into oil and gas.
 Today we drill trough layers of sand, slit and rock to reach the rock formations that contain oil and gas deposits
Term
Top 20 Nations By Oil Reserves
 Definition
Saudi Arabia – Highest Reserve
 2. Iraq 3. Kuwait 4. Iran 5. United Arab Emirates
Term
Oil Production and Consumption
 Definition
The United States and European Nations use more than they produce
Term
Chemical compounds of oil and gas
 Definition
CO2
Term
Renewable -Conventional
 Definition
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas
• Coal
• Nuclear- uranium fission
Term
Renewable- Unconventional
 Definition
• Oil shale
• Natural Gas Hydrates in marine sediment
Term
NON- Renewable
 Definition
 Solar Energy
• Solar Photovoltaic’s
• Solar Thermal Power
 Passive Solar Air and Water Heating
 Wind
 Hydropower
 Biomass
 Ocean energy
 Geothermal
 Waste to Energy
Term
Te Puia
 Definition
 Geothermal
 New Zeland
Term
Where is the largest oil field?
 Definition
Persian Gulf
Term
Where is the largest natural gas reserve?
 Definition
Saberia
Term
How does the oil form?
 Definition
 Dead Algae and Plankton
 Dead organism sinks and settle at bottom
 Long and complex process
Term
Where was the first oil found in the US?
 Definition
 Spindletop – Texas - 1990
Term
Reflection seismic method
 Definition
 Use to find oil reservoir
 Vibrating trucks or explosives generate seismic waves that travel through the ground, reflect off internal interface
 Tell geometry of buried layers
 Very Expensive
Term
The dark side of oil
 Definition
 Greenhouse gases
 Natural process
• It’s being accelerated by human process
 Heat Trap that’s warming the earth
 Global Warming
 Graduate increase in global temperature caused by emission of gasses
• Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC and halocarbons
Term
OPEC
 Definition
 The OPEC MCs coordinate their oil production policies in order to help stabilise the oil market and to help oil producers achieve a reasonable rate of return on their investments. This policy is also designed to ensure that oil consumers continue to receive stable supplies of oil.
Term
How many member countries?
 Definition
13
Term
The newest member
 Definition
Angola
Term
Non-Arab countries
 Definition
Venezuela, Nigeria and Indonesia
Term
What are the world’s water resource problems?
 Definition
 Availability of fresh water
 Distribution of the resources
 There is NO alternative to fresh water
Term
Mexico City- Problems
 Definition
 Water shortage – people need more water than supply
 Main source of fresh water aquifers and replenish by rain
 Mexico city used more water from the aquifer than was replaced naturally by rainfall
Term
How much water is where?
 Definition
3% is fresh water
out of the 3% only 75% is surface water and out of 75% only 1% is available
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