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| speaker's shift from one language or dialect to another (can be used to indicate identity, strategic use to exclude others) |
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| a stable and natural language derived from the mixing of parental languages |
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| one community with formal and informal dialects of same language (spoken Arabic and written Arabic) |
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| Substitution of an inoffensive word for a more unpleasant one |
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| specialized set of words (technical terms, excludes outsiders, jargon) |
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| set of rules applied to a language |
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| terms of respect, used to honor people |
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| correcting a mistake that isn't there |
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| study of communication through body movements and facial expressions |
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| words that differ in only one phoneme |
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| smallest unit having a specific meaning |
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| smallest sound contrast that conveys meaning |
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| different languages produce different patterns of thought |
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| a language's meaning system |
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| varying one's speech in different social contexts |
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| Noam Chomsky, basic set of principles and rules that underlie all languages |
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| owners of means of production |
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| working class, people who must see their labor in order to survive |
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| foreign power dominating a territory politically, socially, economically and culturally |
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| neither unambiguously male or female |
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| Navajo intersex, spiritually gifted |
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| Dominican Republic, chromosomal XY, but don't receive testosterone until puberty, when testes descend |
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| Indian, usually biologically men who act and dress like women, self described as ambiguous gender |
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| oman, neither men nor women, born men, masculine names, do women's work, judged by women's standard of beauty, separation between men and women does not apply |
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| using supernatural techniques to accomplish specific goals employed most in situations of greatest uncertainty |
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| intellectual (search for order and meaning), emotional (provide comfort, explain misfortune), social (maintain social order and solidarity) |
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| blending of cultural influences emerging from ongoing contact |
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| reaction to oppression or rapid culture change |
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| Victor Turner, bond of solidarity among liminal people |
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| post-colonial, acculturative religious movements in Melanesia (Revitalization movement, Christian doctrine and aboriginal beliefs) |
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| sacred impersonal force (good luck, in objects like rocks) |
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| traditional, often sacred, narratives |
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| rituals associated with change in status or stage of life (separation, liminality, incorporation) |
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| the in-between phase of a passage of rite |
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| sacred and forbidden prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions |
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| belief in souls (or doubles) |
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| comparative study of music as an aspect of culture |
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| collectivized symbol of particular religion, usually animal, plant or other natural thing |
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| Laura Bohannan, told the story of Hamlet to people in Nigerian bush, thought basics of human nature were universal, listeners remade story to reflect their own culture |
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| sociolinguist, studied the use of /r/ in different department stores |
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| Claude Levi-Strauss, universalities of human mind, especially need to categorize, found that myths across cultures had certain similarities |
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| Saw socioeconomic stratification as sharp contrast between two classes, believed class consciousness (solidarity within a class) would result in revolution |
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| Protestants don't believe in predestination, believe instead that hard work will lead to salvation, aligns with American values, lead to economic prosperity for Protestants |
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| Hmong needlework, not allowed to write, pictorial code on clothing, graffiti |
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| cultural relativism, languages pass through hierarchal stages (savages --> civilized) |
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| Franz Boas, found their language required them to tell how they knew about the actions of others |
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| Social construction of illness |
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| what symptoms are deemed to be important, how illnesses are procured and healed are all aspects of the larger soicety |
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| historical influences on medical anthropology |
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| biological anthropology, early ethnographic fieldwork, culture and personality school (national character), international public health movement after ww2 |
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| idea that a discernible social system, based on wealth and power differentials, transcends individual countries |
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| economic positions in World System |
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| core (dominant position), semiperiphery (intermediate), periphery (least privileged and powerful) |
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| ideological justification for outsiders to guide or rule native peoples |
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| outside view that it's art (furniture, masks, boxes) |
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| artists had intent to create art |
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| overrepresentation of women in poverty, households headed by women tend to be poorer than those headed by men |
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