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| study of bones. 206 bones in the body. 177 engage in voluntary movement |
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| 2 major divisions of the skeleton |
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| comprised of the skull, spinal column, sternum, and ribs. contains 80 bones. |
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| comprised of the bones of the upper and lower extremities. contains 126 bones |
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1. support body weight
2. a place for muscles to attach
3. protect critical structures |
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| made up of compact or cortical bone which is very dense and can withstand high levels weight bearing or muscle tension in the longitudinal direction |
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| in the shaft of long bones where strength is needed |
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| cancellous bone or spongy bone |
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| epiphysis, metaphysis of long bones, and internal structure of short and irregular bones are made up of a bone that is lattice like in appearance. rigid, weaker and less stiff than compact bone |
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| fine bone spicules. dissapate force and provides strength in multiple directions |
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| divided into a shaft (diaphysis), broadens into metaphysis and the epiphysis (end of the bone) |
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| seperates epiphysis and metaphysis. layer of cartilage where bone length increases take place. layer of cartilage where 40% of the growth of the bone takes place. |
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| central cavity. bone marrow is contained. levels movement |
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| small chunky solid bones that function as shock absorbers and stabilizers due to their shape which allows the bones articulate very tightly among each other. large articular cartiliage surface in order articulate with more than one bone |
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| characterized by broad flat surface. consist of two layers of compact bone, with spongy bone and marrow in between. have a curved surface for more stable tendon attachhment |
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| characterized by irregular shape. consists of a body of spongy bone with a thin compact bone exterior. provide site for muscle attachment and protection of the brain and spinal cord |
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| round or oval bone embedded within the thendon of a musculotendinous unit. protection and to increase the mechanical advantage of muscles. accomplishes this by increasing the moment arm which is defined as the perpendicular distance from the line of action (muscle tendon) to the joint line. alter angle of insertion of the muscle |
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| variation of the moment arm |
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| enova 267. as muscle moves through its range of motion, there is a change in the moment arm. |
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| greatest at the midrange position and least in full extension and full flexion |
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| the muscle force necessary to support a constant-torque load to vary inversely |
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| if the moment arm changes |
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| muscle force must change in an inverse manner to maintain a constant torque load |
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| range of motion not strength. most of the insertions of muscles are located very close to the joint, which results in a poor angle of pull. does create the bio mechanics for an increased joint range of motion. |
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| any time a bone is compressed, twisted or stretched an electrical current is generated within the bone. electrical current will stimulate the bone producing cells to produce increases amounts of bone and redistribute callousness bone spicules to areas of increased stress. wolfs law |
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| loss of calcium and other minerals from the bone. bones become brittle and break easily. |
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| starts in your 40s. osteoblastic cells will reduce the amount of bone they produce. males lose 12% of bone mass and females lose about 25% of total bone mass over next 30 years. most bone loss comes from cancellous bone because it is more abundant than compact bone |
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Term
| mechanical axis of a bone |
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Definition
| straight line that connects the midpoint of the joint at one end with the midpoint of the joint at the other end. does not necessarily pass lengthwise through the shaft of the bony lever. size can influence the mechanics of the joint and muscle influence on a joint. |
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