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| Neurotransmitter (Chemical message) |
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Definition
| (ligand) chemical released by a neuron on a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect |
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| How a neurotransmitter works? |
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| Hypothalamus- Pituitary gland-hormones-target organs and glands |
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| transport and structure for an axon |
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| organelle providing cell with energy |
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| sacs filled with neurotransmitters |
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| large compartment that holds synaptic vesicles |
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| encloses molecules that transmit chemical messages |
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| contains receptor molecules that receives chemical messages |
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| small space separating presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic dendritic spine |
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| Post Synaptic Potential - action on back end of the synapse |
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| Synapse Structure CHEMICAL |
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Definition
| most are chemical, allow more flexibility in neuron to neuron communication |
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| the gap junction- fused pre and post synaptic membrane that allows an action potential to pass directly from one neuron to the next |
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| STEPS OF NEUROTRANSMISSION |
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Definition
| 1. Synthesis 2. Release 3. Receptor Action 4. Inactivation |
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| Types of Synapses- 1. Axodendritic |
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Definition
| most common, axon terminal of one neuron synapses on dendritic spine of another |
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| No clear synapse, no specific target, like hormonal effect, secretes transmitter into extracellular fluid |
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| 1st of 2 synapses. DIRECTLY INTO SOMA |
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| Axon synapsing onto a synapse |
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| Axon synapting onto a synapse |
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| hormones release directly into blood stream, some neurotransmitters are also hormones |
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| dendrites send message to other dendrites |
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| excitatory in nature, axodendritic, cleft is wide (synapse is larger) dense vesicles (round shaped), active zone(receiving end)ton of receptors |
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| axosomatic, inhibitory, cleft narrow (tight synapse, less active zone (less receptors, vesicles oblique and flat |
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| What is not a step of a neurotransmitter? |
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| Axodendritic synapses are primarily... |
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| The classic 9 small neurotransmitters are synthesized where? |
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| how neurotransmitters are dervived? |
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Definition
| synthesized in axon terminal from food or in the cell body via DNA |
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| 9 small molecule neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| ACH, Amines- dopamine, norepenephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, Amino acids- glutamate, GABA, glycine, histamine |
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| Varieties of Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Small Molecule Neurotransmitters, Peptide Transmitters, Transmitter gases (nitric oxide and carbon monoxide) |
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| Ligand Gated Receptors (Types) |
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Definition
| Ionotropic and Metabotropic |
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| allow the movement of ions across a membrane, have two parts: binding site for NT, pore or channel.. usually EXCITATORY (trigger action potential) |
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| binding site for neurotransmitter but lacks own pore through which ions can flow. NO PORE |
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| Neurotransmission RELEASE Review |
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Definition
| 1. Axon potential comes down axon, 2. opens CA channels (voltage from action potential), 3. binds to calmogalin, 4. forms complex that binds to outside vesicles, 5. release neurotransmitter into the synapse |
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| Small Molecule Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Dopamine, Serotonin, Acetocholine, Neuradrenaline, Adrenaline |
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| made through protein synthesis |
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| 1. syntheis and storage 2. release of nt, activation of receptor sites, 3. deactivation of the nt |
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| 2 ways neurotransmitter can be derived |
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| 4 ways Neurotransmitter deactivate |
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Definition
| 1. Diffusion away from synaptic cleft 2. Degradation by enzymes in the synaptic cleft 3. Reuptake into the presynaptic neuron for subsequent re-use 4. Taken up by glial cells |
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| Type 1- Excitatory Messages |
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Definition
| Excitatory, Dendrites, Wide Cleft, Round Vesicles, Dense material, Large Active Zone |
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| How are the postsynaptic cells affected by the neurotransmitter? |
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| Depolarization, Hyperpolarization, Modulation between the two |
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| Located on the presynaptic membrane- activated by neurotransmitter- receive a message from their "self" |
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| 3 Types of Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Peptide, Small Molecule, Transmitter Gases |
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| Neuropeptide Transmitters (Peptide) |
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Definition
| Insulin, Opiods, ACT AS HORMONES, bonding, respond to stress and pain, regulate eating and drinking, pleasure and pain |
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Pineal Gland- allows entry of chemicals that affect day-night cycles
Pituitary- allows entry of chemicals that influence pituitary hormones
Area Postrema- allows entry of toxic substances that induce vomiting |
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| Experience Expectant and Experience Dependant |
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| genetic code saying this should happen- language, walking, emotion |
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| Supposed to be there but strengthens through experience |
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| Small Molecule Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
-quick acting transmitters
-synthesized in the axon terminal from products derived in the diet |
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| Peptide Transmitters - Neuropeptide |
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Definition
- multifunctional chain of amino acids that act as a neurotransmitter
-synthesized from mRNA on instructions from the cell's DNA
- Do not bind to ion channels, do not have direct effects on the voltage of the postsynaptic membrane |
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- synthesized in cell, as needed
- easily crosses membrane
-EXAMPLES- nitric oxide and carbon monxide |
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| given repeated stimulation, the sensation fades (you forget you have pants on) |
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| sunburn, but everything hurts |
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Role of Synapses in Learning and Memory
LEARNING |
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-- relatively permanent change in behavior results from experience
-- mediated by structural changes in synapses --increased efficiency |
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| Role of Synapses in Learning and Memory -- Neuroplasticity |
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| The nervous system's potential for neurophysical or neurochemical change that enhances its adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury |
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| more flexibility in neuron to neuron communication... |
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1.Stem
2.Progenitor
3.Blast
4.Specialized |
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| How do stem cells know what to become? |
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Definition
| chemical signal-turn genes on-specific proteins are made- specific cells |
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| the Birth of Migratory Dogs Might Sicken Dead Mice |
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Definition
| Stages of Brain Development- Birth, Migration, Differentation, Maturation, Synaptogensis, Death and Synaptic Pruning, Myelogenesis |
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| neurons or their axons and dendrites are drawn toward a signaling chemical that indicates the correct pathway (goes with experience expected and experience dependent) |
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1. drugs are broken down in the kidneys, liver and instestines
2. Drugs are excreted in urine, feces, sweat, exhaled air, breast milk
3. Build up can be toxic. |
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